Enders Shadow or Enders Game :: Free Essay Writer

Enders Shadow or Enders GameJournal - Enders Shadow intromission 1 In this story there is an alien race called the buggers, they have attacked earth before and now the I.F. (International Fleet) is training the younger generation to be commanders of the succeeding(prenominal) fleet. The main character in Enders Shadow is Bean. He lives on the streets of Rotterdam, in the allies and under steps. Like many other children living on the streets, it is real sparse to find food. Most survive by the leftovers they find in the trash. Bean, being the smallest of the children was the skinniest of them all. He was extremely small. He was on his last few old age of life and was so weak he gave up on finding food. That very day a crew leader named Poke (crews were a host of children that shared the food that they found and they had crew leaders) gave Bean 7 peanuts and she asked for his name. But he said he hadnt received a name, so they called him Bean. on that point were food shelters that gave food out every morning but crews with young children couldnt get in because of the older children that were bullies. And most of the time bullies would come and sway food from the crews instead of beating them up. Bean had a plan to threaten one bully to protect the crew and In return he would be allowed to live. They choose to pick the bully named Achilles because he was born with a bad leg and he needed the crew for his safety. They jumped Achilles and held a rock over his head and told him their plan and he agreed to go along with it but Bean told Poke to kill him as and example to the other bullies, but Achilles was smart and he persuaded them to let him be there protector. Entry 2 Achilles made a plan to get the children into the kitchens. When the bullies started lining up for the kitchen Achilles sent one of the crewmembers named Sergeant to the southward place in the line budding in front of the meanest bully. The bully shoved the kid into the ground. Achilles came up to the bully and asked him why he pushed Sergeant into the bully in the front. Achilles explained how he was just saving his place in line, until he pushed him into his friend.

Essays --

A.Plan of InvestigationThis study will seek to answer the point How did the Treaty of Versailles during WW1 contribute to further conflict in the middle east? I chose this topic because since my dad is in the air force he deals with the pose East on multiple occasions. I thought it would be interesting to study this to see what could have been the cause of the crisis we see today. We could learn ways to treat the affection East better by basing plans off what we know from WW1. In exhibition to answer this question I have used the following methods of researching in peace settlement books and novels that talk specifically about the treaty of Versailles takings during WW1. I also did some research on some online articles. In order to study this topic I used the following sources A Piece to End All Piece written by David Fromkin, and Kingmakers, The invention of the Modern Middle East written by Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac. B. Summary of EvidenceThe treaty of Versailles was singed on June 28, 1919 . The main terms of this treaty were, Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war, Germany had to pay 6,600 one thousand million for the damage done during the war called reparations, Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force, her navy could only have six battle ships and an Army of just 100,000 men, and Germany was non allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland . Britain and France acquired Germanys colonies. The conflicts in the Middle East started around the year 1914, the same year as World struggle 1 . World War 1 was always referred too as the war to end all wars. The Treaty of Versailles decreased all power in the Middle East because the defeat of the Central Powers including Turkey which w... ... do not have much control over themselves anymore. The property loss and the displacement of their wad was such a significant number that the mixing of people, and lack of populations created conflicts between the Middle Eas tern countries . Tribes that were made in these territories started to fight over power and command of the land, and other conflicts arose from those. Such conflicts are still seen today relating to ideas like these. When the Treaty of Versailles was made, its points were not directed for the Middle East, but were for Germany . The idea that it would have such an effect on the Middle East, and would cause such conflict was not foreseen since it is considered to be such a small and a non-powerful area. But nevertheless, the Treaty of Versailles has played a large impact in the conflicts of the Middle East after World war One.

Chapter 25 of The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck Essay -- Grapes Wr

Chapter 25 of The Grapes of Wrath by John SteinbeckIn the twenty-fifth chapter of his novel The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck presents the reader with a series of vivid images, accompanied by a series of powerful indictments. Steinbeck effectively uses both the potent imagery and clear statements of what he perceives as fact to convey his message. This short chapter offers a thick portrayal of one of the major themes of the larger work. Namely, the potential bounty of nature corrupted and left to rot by a profit-driven system, a system that in the end fails. Steinbeck begins the chapter with the simple statement, The spring is beautiful in calcium (p. 346). The proceeding explanation of Californias springtime beauty evokes images of Eden and Paradise. Steinbeck describes the full green hills, musky valleys of fruit blossoms, the swelling tendrils of grapes, and mile-long rows of lettuce, cauliflower, and artichoke. The fertility of the land is explicitly conveyed by the sentence , The full green hills are round and soft as breasts (p. 346). Round and soft breasts sour to mind both the voluptuous figure of a fertility goddess, and the comfort and safety of a mothers embrace. The images that Steinbeck puts down hither portray California as an abundant Eden. Capable of providing for all of her children, just as a mother would.Californias bounty is graphically depicted when Steinbeck says, The fruit grows heavy, and the limbs plow gradually under the fruit so that little crutches must be placed under them to support the weight (p. 346). Imagine a hungry military man reading those lines Fruit so large and full that the branches bend and must be supported by crutches. It is as though Steinbeck has just describe... ...he yield of the harvest. hitherto there is a failure that Steinbeck perceives. He sees the hungry and starving people. How is it that despite the achievements of the best and brightest of humanity there still exist starving children? The answer that Steinbeck implies in the course of the chapter is that it is the system that is to blame. Any system of commerce that utilizes the best of human knowledge and pools the resources of humanity in its drive to make a profit, but is inefficient to prevent a child from starving to death, is a failure. It is a great and despicable failure in Steinbecks eyes. There is a sorrow here that weeping cannot symbolize (p. 349).Works CitedOvid, Metamorphoses. (The Ages of the World.) SRP 435 class handout.Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York Penguin/ Viking Critical Library, 1997.Tantalus. SRP 435 class handout.

El Nino :: essays papers

El NinoThis morning, before writing this essay, I spent a considerable nub of succession watering my wilting garden. Meanwhile, the New YorkYankees have been rained out for their third consecutive game. And outin California? Rain, no rain, rain, no rain... Why atomic number 18 we sufferingsuch severe weather this summer? In case you have not heard, we areexperiencing a weather phenomenon harbingered El Nino.What is El Nino, and How prospicient Will This Last? According to MichaelMcPhaden, director of the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array, an El Ninois born when west-blowing Pacific trade winds relax or reverse. Withoutthe wind at its back, seawater that typically piles up on the jaggedwestern edge of the Pacific -- around Indonesia, the Philippines andAustralia -- slides back toward the Americas. The sliding water movesin what scientists call Kelvin waves. It pushes the cold water down.That causes the initial warming, said McPhaden. At the same time, thePacific reacts to the lost wind by building another series of waves infra water. Called , they roll west toward Indonesia, the Philippinesand Australia. Eventually, the series of waves strikes the coasts ofthose countries. Then, it reverses and heads back toward South America,traveling a unyielding the equator. As it passes, McPhaden said, it leavescold water closer to the surface.El Nino normally occurs around Christmas and commonly last for a fewweeks to a few months. Sometimes an extremely warm event tolerate developthat last for much longer time periods. A strong El Nino developed in1991 and lasted until 1995. We are apparently experiencing one of thesestronger El Ninos, as this one has lasted for nearly six months . Buthow long will this last? And then what?The Onset of La Nina After an El Nino event, weather conditions usually run off to normal. However, in some years the trade winds can becomeextremely strong and an abnormal accumulation of cold water can occurin the central and eastern Pacific. This event is called La Nina. WhereEl Nino refers to a body of unusually warm water astride the equator bySouth America, La Nina describes a sea thats abnormally cool. Twoindependent electronic computer models that forecast El Nino see on the horizon apronounced cooling of the same area of the Pacific. Sometimes, the coldwater is just enough to return ocean temperatures to normal. Notalways. Sometimes, it overshoots, McPhaden said. That would bring aLa Nina after El Nino.The models say . . . there will be a cold effect onetime(prenominal) next year --

Trade Commission :: essays research papers

The Federal Trade Commission, in submitting a Request For Public gab Concerning Guides For The Dog And Cat Food Industry, is asking the American Public to rate guidelines for monitoring the pet food industry that have been in place since 1969. Since the base thrust of the original guidelines was to control misrepresentation in the industry, it is hard to imagine that the public would disagree with the original intent of the guidelines. It would also be prudent to assess whether a review of such sound guidelines would be either necessary or worth the cost of carrying out the assessment. On the other hand, it has been thirty old age since the original guidelines were implemented, giving the public and the industry time to see if the guidelines have done their job in a cost-effective manner and whether or non they need to be retooled for an industry that has gone through considerable technological and economic changes. Therefore, it would seem reasonable to conduct a survey that would target get a line areas, such as any overlapping of the guidelines with federal, state, and local anesthetic laws, the integrity of industry self-regulation in a new era of economic and technological advances, and whether or not the guidelines have imposed undue cost to both the industry and the public.Few would argue with the points of the original guidelines, whether it is monitoring misleading claims in advertising, or monitoring the lineament of the products themselves. Despite economic and technological advances that have taken place in the industry since 1969, the guidelines still hold up as sound. There are also federal, state, and local laws that attempt to insure the same integrity in the pet food industry. The pet food industry also closely monitors itself. Given in all these factors, it would seem best to question the necessity of such a survey, or, at least, to limit its scope and cost.What could be unseen motives for initiating such a reassessment? The American pet food industry would certainly want to keep pressure on the government to regulate foreign competition, insisting that competitors meet the same stringent standards set for American manufacturers. The FTC would also stand to gain from the number of its workers that would be paid for conducting the reassessment and the power and prestige that such guidelines tend to give the FTCIt world power be useful to assess how much cost the original guidelines have imposed on the industry and the consumer in increased prices for pet foods and if the guidelines have added anything to federal, state, and local laws that already monitor the industry.

Trade Commission :: essays research papers

The Federal Trade Commission, in submitting a Request For humanity Comment Concerning Guides For The Dog And Cat Food Industry, is asking the American Public to assess guidelines for monitor the pet food industry that halt been in topographic point since 1969. Since the basic thrust of the original guidelines was to control misrepresentation in the industry, it is hard to imagine that the public would disagree with the original intent of the guidelines. It would also be discreet to assess whether a review of such sound guidelines would be either necessary or worth the cost of carrying out the assessment. On the other hand, it has been thirty years since the original guidelines were implemented, giving the public and the industry time to see if the guidelines have done their job in a cost-effective manner and whether or not they need to be retooled for an industry that has gone through considerable technological and economic changes. Therefore, it would seem reasonable to conduct a survey that would score key atomic number 18as, such as any overlapping of the guidelines with federal, state, and local laws, the integrity of industry self-regulation in a new era of economic and technological advances, and whether or not the guidelines have imposed undue cost to both the industry and the public.Few would argue with the points of the original guidelines, whether it is monitoring misleading claims in advertising, or monitoring the quality of the products themselves. Despite economic and technological advances that have taken place in the industry since 1969, the guidelines still hold up as sound. There are also federal, state, and local laws that attempt to insure the said(prenominal) integrity in the pet food industry. The pet food industry also closely monitors itself. habituated all these factors, it would seem best to question the necessity of such a survey, or, at least, to limit its scope and cost.What could be unseen motives for initiating such a cri tique? The American pet food industry would certainly want to keep pressure on the government to regulate foreign competition, insisting that competitors meet the same stringent standards set for American manufacturers. The FTC would also stand to gain from the number of its workers that would be paid for conducting the reassessment and the power and prestige that such guidelines tend to obtain the FTCIt might be useful to assess how much cost the original guidelines have imposed on the industry and the consumer in increased prices for pet foods and if the guidelines have added anything to federal, state, and local laws that already monitor the industry.

Lactase Enzyme Essay

This lab will examine the specificity of an enzyme (lactase) to a specific substrate (lactose). Students will observe the actions of the enzyme and how square up is important to enzyme reactions. Background cultivation Lactose, the swag found in take out, is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose (both six-sided sugars). Sucrose, ordinary table sugar, is also a disaccharide composed of fructose and glucose. Glucose is a six-sided sugar and fructose is a five-sided sugar. lactase is an enzyme that breaks lactose down into galactose and glucose.Lactase can be purchased in pill form by pot who are lactose intolerant. These people lack the enzyme, lactase, and can non break down the sugar lactose into its component parts. Although lactose is similar to saccharose, lactase will break down only lactose because of the shape of the sugar. In this lab, you will see lactase break lactose down into galactose and glucose. You will also observe what happens if the shape of lactase is changed due to heating. Materials/ resources * Lactase tablets these can be bought in any drug store or grocery store.Fifteen millilitres of milk any milk will work. Water utilize for dissolving the lactase tablet, dissolving the sucrose and boiling the lactase. * Sucrose five grams per group. * One hundred milliliter gradatory cylinder/ten milliliter graduated cylinder measuring water and enzyme amounts. * Three four hundred milliliter beakers used for dissolving the lactase tablet, dissolving the sucrose and boiling the lactase. * Five raise tubes these tubes hold the different solution cocktures. * rivulet tube rack hold the screen tubes. * Marking pencil mark the seek tubes so that confusion does not occur. * Clock * Hot plate with a Pyrex test tube for denaturing the enzyme. Glucose test strips these strips can be found in any drugstore.Stirring rod helps to mix up the lactase tablet in the water. Lab procedures 1. Gather the materials. 2. Label the test tubes with the following labels 0 A. Test tube with skim milk and enzyme solution. B. Test tube with skim milk and water. C. Test tube with skim milk and denatured enzyme solution. D. Test tube with sucrose solution and enzyme solution. E. Test tube with sucrose solution and water. 3. In test tube A hyperkinetic syndrome two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of enzyme solution. 4. Time for two minutes and test for glucose with the glucose test tape.Record this data in table 1. If there was glucose present mark a + in the table. If glucose was absent, mark a - in the table. 5. In test tube B add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of water. 6. Repeat step 4. 7. In test tube C add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of denatured enzyme solution. 8. Repeat step 4. 9. In test tube D add two milliliters of the sucrose solution and one milliliter of enzyme solution. 10. Repeat step 4. 11. In test tube E add two milliliters of the sucrose solution and one milliliter of water. 12. Repeat steps 4. Results Glucose Presence in the Following SolutionsType of Solution Positive or Negative Glucose Result Test tube A milk and enzyme solution Test tube B milk and water Test tube C milk and denatured enzyme solution Test Tube D sucrose solution and enzyme solution Test Tube E sucrose solution and water Conclusion and Questions 1. Diagram and describe the lactose and lactase reaction (may need to research this). 2. Why did the enzyme react to lactose but not to sucrose? 3. What happened when the enzyme was boiled? 4. Another way to affect the enzyme is by lowering the pH of the solution. However, lactase is supposed to be able to work in the stomach.Would lowering the pH of the enzyme solution affect the enzyme? Why or why not? 5. What case of reaction is this? Dehydration or hydrolysis? Content to be covered in conclusion paragraphs It should explain the general conclusions of the lab. May refer back to background information to help explain the c onclusion of the lab. Should refer back to the GENERAL data in the results. Restate the purpose and state whether the hypothesis was correct or not and why. Clearly state and explains how at least THREE errors may have occurred in the lab. Also explains common pitfalls a person SHOULD avoid.

Planning Assessment Essay

When planning judging you need to gauge a clear idea of what level the panorama is at to see if they atomic number 18 ready to complete your planned assessment. There are many ways of achieving this knowledge. One method is observation in execution of instrument or another by taking an initial assessment test which deem seven levels with the basic entry level 1 being the first-year. at once this knowledge has been gained, further knowledge is needed to suit their needs. What is their preferred learning style, is it part of a group or on a sensation to wizard basis.You will need to find out their strengths and weaknesses to get the most out of their abilities but also to mould around and improve on different commonwealth that need to be worked on. When this has all been achieved the learners will need to be given data about the planned assessment. First of all they will need to have an understanding of what they are about to study, explaining what they need to do to meet t he criteria set by OFQUAL the governing body of the qualifications. They will need to understand what is expected of them when tending the course by cock-a-hoop them the code of conduct for them to survey.It is important that the health and safety procedures are explained to ensure their safety throughout their assessment. After this has been completed, the learners will be given the folder to look through and their assessment plan to see how they will complete it. 3. 3 EXPLAIN HOW TO PLAN A HOLISTIC move up TO ASSESSMENT By taking a holistic approach to assessment, it whoremonger provide the learner with a more in depth report on their progress by covering all the different methods observations, session plans, witness testimonies, knowledge turn out and professional discussion across all the units in one go.This allows me to understand the different kind of approaches each individual learner feels comfortable with to achieve the highest possible grade. 3. 5 EXPLAIN HOW TO M INIMIZE RISKS THROUGH THE PLANNING surgery It is the responsibility of the tax tax assessor to minimise the risks by making sure all of the health and safety procedures are covered such as risk assessment of the facilities. The assessor needs to gather information that is personal from the learner in order to adapt and provide special needs that they might have.Also the assessor will need to treat all learners equally, ensuring that equality and diversity issue are met. Once this information has been gained, the assessor can then produce an exertion plan for the learner which is both realistic and achievable so they are comfortable to achieve the best possible results. 4. 1 EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF INVOLVING THE disciple AND OTHERS IN THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS Peer and Self Assessment is an effective way to get the learners involved and it gives a clear idea of what the learner is before long at and what action is needed to meet the standards and criteria.This can be done through feedback. Feedback is a vital part of the assessment process as it gives the assessor an idea of if the learner has met the criteria set and if they havent, what action is needed to achieve the criteria. If there is a disagreement with the assessments carried out then the learners can follow the organisational procedures that are set in place which include grievance procedures, systems for appeals and confidentiality procedures. 4. 2 SUMMARISE TYPES OF INFORMATION THAT SHOULD BE MADE AVAILABLE TO LEARNERS AND OTHERS INVOLVED IN THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS.The first thing that should be made available to the learners and those involved in the assessment process is what the reason is for assessment. The NVQ award is structured for a candidate to provide evidence through practical assignments and portfolio evidence that is gained throughout the qualification. They will also need to know how long they have to complete the course which is up to the assessor. By giving them information on dead lines then it will ensure tasks are not left until the last minute which could affect the standards of the work.One other type of information that they will need to know is what the criteria is for them to achieve the grade. Each qualification has a minimum requirement needed to be met and once they learner knows this, they can work towards meeting it and gaining the qualification. 4. 3 EXPLAIN HOW PEER AND SELF ASSESSMENT CAN BE USED EFFECTIVELY TO PROMOTE LEARNER INVOLVEMENT AND PERSONAL responsibleness IN THE ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Peer and Self-Assessment can be used in effect within the learners when one of the group has difficulty within a task.Learners can interact with each other and help each other out which would be a lot less intimidating and in some situations abash for shy and insecure learners than an assessor telling them they are right or wrong in front of the rest of the group. 6. 3 SUMMARISE THE PROCEDURES TO FOLLOW WHEN there ARE DISPUTES CONCERNING ASSESSMENT IN OWN AREA OF PRACTICE If there are disputes concerning assessment in own area of practice then the procedures to follow are as followsFirst of all the assessor has to be available to discuss the problem as it could be sorted out quickly and effectively through discussion. If the learner feels they want to take it further then they can take the steps to show their disagreement which will be listed in their assimilator Handbook given to them at the beginning of the course. This includes a formal written complaint to the assessors superior which they will then deal with in an efficient and non-discriminatory way, treating the claim with upmost confidentiality where they will decided whether to uphold or overturn the assessors original decision.7. 2 EXPLAIN HOW FEEDBACK AND QUESTIONING domiciliate TO THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS Feedback and Questioning can help learners improve on a specific task. Feedback provides correction and improvement on a piece of work. not only can it correct or improve the work but it can be used as encouragement or motivation to a learner especially when they are doing well or think they are not doing well.

Understanding the Media

Since the media has now become the centre of todays life controlling e very aspect of it, it is on that pointfore very important to understand and to critically observe how the media operates . It is even so questionable to understand how the media balances between attending its goals and targets as a business and fulfilling its role of acting as the peoples voice as expected by the society it serves without compromising on each of the two. BODY It is only when through the understanding of the media that the people get to be that the media plays an important role in educating the society.Francois Nell looks that the media contribute to social development. (Writing For The Media In Southern Africa3rd Edition). Through the media, education has moved from in draw a bead on teaching to direct teaching whereby the minors and students get to learn through different T. V programs like the Tekalani Sesami(SABC 3) and Matrics Uploaded(SABC 2). Though this development in Media production learning has become so convenient thus contributing to the educational growth of the community. It is also vital to understand the media production so as to do it when and when not to blame the media when scandals narrow place .Stony Brooke notes that, the effects of media seem necessary to depend on the patterns of audience use. It is notwithstanding unfair to blame the media on the abuse of the media forms by the public it scarper to benefit. It is therefore important to take note of the fact that the audience has a major role to play as far as media content is pertained. rationality media production is vital too so as to know the truth behind some nasty news said of the media by the public. a bully understanding of the media enables us to know how to relate and deal with some of these accusations.Gilmore p37 notes that news is more of a conversation and the lines have blurred between producers and consumers. The once resistless audience has become an active participant i n the creation and dissemination of news, and the flow of information is no longer controlled by journalists Haddow & Kim S. Haddow) . It is therefore important to note that the media is not solely to blame for some scandals in media content but also the audience has a role to play for media abuse. It is only through media literacy that he audience know how to utilise different forms of media and to know when to draw the line as far as their engagement with the media is concerned. Although the media development encourages individual change and mobility(Francois Nel ),it is however important for one to know how for example the internet operates so as to protect oneself from cannibals that has flooded this media form, many peoples lives. Through this awareness one is able to know when to draw the line as far as his/her engagement with different characters on this blog is concerned.However it is also important to critically observe how the media conveys its messages to the people so th at one will not fall a victim to some of the media content that ply to induce political apathy, alienation, cynicism and a loss of social bully( Kenneth Newton) thus brainwashing the public into making wrong political choices. Peter Phillips argues that democracy does not work within last minute sound bites, pickings the place of important public debate and compromising the bulk information that could be available to the people(Censored 2007).This however shows that in their bid to meet targets, the media tend to compromise on their expectations from the society and also on their role of informing the public. Through a critical engagement with the media, one is made to observe that the media has a mass effect on societal behaviour( Jatto et tal). During the Family Planning Campaign in Tanzania, the media had an incremental effect on contraceptive use. The more media sources a cleaning woman was exposed to, the more she was to adopt a contraception (Jatto et tal, 199965-67). The m edia campaign in the Philippines had clearly positive effects .Nancy Morris notes that the mass media information campaign was largely obligated for the improvement in vaccination coverage(McDivitt, Zimicki and Hornik, 1997111). This clearly shows that the media has the power to control peoples behaviour so a critic understanding of it is vital to prevent practicable brainwash. Since the media has become the backbone of the marketing , advertising and public relations industries(Peter J Jourie) notes that a sound knowledge of how the media work, think and disseminate meaning is fundamental to these industries.It is however important to critically engage with the media so as to know how to relate with the information given by the media so as to know how to act on their education as far as their information about these industries is pertained since they will be advertising. It is very important to note that the media is only after sensational stories so that the people will know tha t behind the information dished out by the media, lies more helpful and important information.This will enable the audience to be on the lookout of more helpful stories that do not make it into the newspapers that might be of great importance to their livelihood. It can be concluded that although the media is there to serve the people and to meet their expectations, the media itself ends up on a very compromising position with only one way out, that is to do anything possible to meet its goals as a business even though it means compromising on their role within the society .This means that the public should be wellspring informed as on how to utilise useful media content and at the same time on how to screen some of the media content in frame to protect themselves from the harm that comes with it. The complication only now lies on how the public can get informed when the only means to inform the public is only through the media.

This Room And Love After Love Comparison

Imtiaz Dharkers This Room is written to create an impression of seeking freedom, where her room is breaking out and seeking space, light and empty air. In this poem dharker describes the room as pass wild, with everything in it trying to escape to freedom. On the other hand, Derek Walcotts poem of Love After Love is telling us how to recognize our selves after ending a race or better how to love yourself before loving another. Walcott uses words such as elation and smile to show that his poem is all about learning, accept and celebrating who you are.Dharker personifies the bed as lifting out of its nightmares. This shows that all negativity is be left behind, as chairs move out their usual dark corners. Alliteration and metaphors are to a fault used to create an image and convey a soul of freedom as the chairs crash through clouds. In love after love, Walcott shows that learning to love yourself will not come immediately, but the time will come. He emphasizes that there is joy involved, as he says that it will be with elation as you greet yourself as you look at yourself in the mirror. The first stanza ends with the idea that you will smile at your self.Dharkers stanza three of this room goes on to carry the theme of celebration of the point that life can be unpredictable. A description of the sounds and movements of the kitchen equipment that bang together in celebration, clang and eventually fly past the fan, they look to be following the chairs and bed upwards. The onomatopoeia alike enhances the sound effects of the poem. In love after love, Walcott says again the stranger who was yourself, conveys the idea that the person you use to be is like a stranger now. Walcott also uses religious diction, where he uses short imperative sentences, give wine, give bread. The religious words give a formal and caring tone to the poem.In This Room, no one is looking for the door at the end of stanza three this could either mean no one wants to leave this place b ecause there is now a sense of celebration there or it could mean that, no one wants to use the easy way out, they want to deem the feeling of expanding and growing, moving skywards and anterior in life. Love after love is a poem that represents the internal thoughts of the writer. Walcott uses the phrase peel your own images from the mirror here Walcott emphasizes that youre past, all your life, whom you ignored has value and helps for you to realise the importance of being comfortable and happy with who you are, accepting who you are.In This Room, the 1st person is not used until the fourth stanza, Im wondering where Ive left my feet. Again emphasizing the point that that the ambience was exciting. The structure of the poem is not straightforward it is written in free verse although Dharker uses enjambment to connect the fourth and fifth stanza witch is one identify which emphasizes the space and freedom. My hands are outside clapping, once again the writer emphasizes the idea of celebration.In love after love, Walcott uses enjambment to link one stanza with the next. In the tercet stanza he uses the imperative take down the love letters from the book shelf the idea leads into the last stanza that continues with the photographs, the desperate notes which you should also take down. Peel your own images from the mirror and facing pages on your life. Instead of reminding your self of your previous relationships and pictures of previous partners, Walcott wants us to look at our own life and appreciate who we are.In conclusion both poems have similar themes. The celebration of personal growth and expansion, accepting and being comfortable with who you are, are the key themes of the poems. Freedom is the around important thing and we should make the most of it in our lives. Both poems stress that the past should be left behind for example lifting out of its nightmares and take down the love letters from the book shelf. This Room is a metaphor for life and Lo ve After Love is about appreciating life. We should grow and think forwards.

Fashion: A Cultural Context

Fashion is multi-faceted- a multiple choice- depending on your budget and attitude you can dress in shape and yet be solely individual thanks to the available choice, and the liberal dress codes that exists. Only 40 years ago things were very distinct- discuss the social and heathen neuters that have interpreted fall out since the 60s that has allowed this phenomenal change to happen, using quotes from authors and academics to to a lower placepin your ideas. Introduction As we approach the year 2003, we find a vastly different mien effort from that which existed only 40 years ago. Although the agency sector is known for its apid change, we see an industry today that has been dramatically transformed by such(prenominal) revolutionary things as new technology, globalisation, and changing consumer values.Every segment of the industry has been required to change to meet new competitive challenges. As a result, we find a behavior industry that has restructured its self to resp ond to global competition. The industry is faster, is geographically more than wide spread and can focus on understanding and serving the consumer more effectively than ever before. Though transportation and communication advances, the industry has become a orldwide production and distri entirelyion network. At the same time, new technologies allow turn up examination of consumer needs and have reduced the time it takes to respond to those needs. One of the approximately enduring images of the 1960s is undoubtedly the mini skirt.not merely a new appearance trend plainly a true icon of the sixties, the mini skirt epitomised the attitudes of the era. The name synonymous with the fame of the mini skirt is of program Mary Quant. Not only was she responsible for creating the infamous mini, but she also led the way for the radical changes in the elbow room industry hat made London such a celebrated centre through out the decade. Like most new modal value trends, the mini skirt was an innovative idea sparked off by a series of unique social and cultural changes. Hemlines had been dramatically shortened at other times before the sixties, also in times of gravid social change, after and during World War 1and World War 2. This fashion revolution happened at the same time as another big cultural change of the century- pop music. Music has and ceaselessly will be a major influence on fashion and sub-culture. Another huge cultural change of the decade was the pill.The younger generation was becoming less inhibited, and more sexually promiscuous beca utilise of the invention of the contraceptive pill, and clothes became more everyplacetly sexual and revealing. on the street of Haight Ashbury, hippies could be seen wandering along, take oning their multi-coloured kaftans or afghan coats over fringed tasseled dresses, flat leather sandals, a headband copied straight from the the Statesn Indians or a pair of scruffy fl atomic number 18d jeans. What had started off for many as an ethical movement by a few die-hard individuals in America soon became a world ide phenomenon influencing lifestyles and creating the main stream fashion of the tardy sixties. This was a form of anti-fashion as revolt.It was untidy and spontaneous and radically different from the perky neatness of the earlier years of the decade and the futuristic fashions of the previous few years. Boutiques such As I was Lord Kitcheners Valet or Granny Takes a Trip in London, both reflected the sartorial anarchy of the times with their bright riotous designs. Hippie women reacted against the dolly bird image of the early sixties that with he arrival of the mini skirt had been designed to let off the young woman from sexual stereotyping.With its thigh revealing length it confined her in a look, which aimed directly at the males libido. Although the late sixties have been criticised for its naive belief that free love and marijuana would solve the worlds problems, there was a lot o f creative activity which led to changeless social change. People felt free to break crush taboos. The womans, civil and gay rights movements all started in this decade. Sexual stereotypes were being broken down and free love was on the agenda.Men and woman began to look alike with unisex jeans and long hair, the older generation felt increasingly alienated from the young. Experimenting with gender was part of the revolution. As woman took up the banner for sexual representity, men began to reject the fifties ideal of muscular machismo. The old mores of what constituted male dress were broken down and men experimented with less obviously masculine looks. Much of the late sixties was, for many spent in a haze of drug induced euphoria.The use of LSD was a powerful influence on ideas and dress. People xperimented with their lifestyles in the belief that they were somehow on the road to a greater aw atomic number 18ness and under standing, fuelled by the sensory experience of acid an d its ability to distort the senses, creates hallucinations and vivid colours. Fashion has always had its social conscience and can be the perfect fomite for powerful political messages, from the iconisation of Che Guevaras portrait to the anti- war slogans of Katherine Hamnetts T-shirts. But the truly unexpected that flies in the face of fashion its self can carry as powerful a signal as the blatantly written message.Anti-fashion by definition is the opposite of fashion, so if it exists, it should be different every time fashion changes. But its rules stay the same because what it all represents is all negative- anarchy, destruction of order and instigation of chaos. By the mid 1970s woman had discovered that that trousers gave them a sexual neutrality that allowed them to compete in the work place. The 1980s career girl was now an executive who had business lunches and held boardroom meetings. She was confident, independent and more liberated than ever. Designers created out tan trums especially for these woman.Denim jeans were re-designed to fit woman, and the designers name on a visible label became all-important. This period open uped power dressing. Womens trousers have always reflected social change and womens growing confidence in their place in society. This was especially true during the seventies. Now every woman has a pair of trousers of some kind in her wardrobe, whether part of a suit or a pair of faded denim jeans. This continues to illustrate womens increasing sense of equality and freedom of choice in society, of which womens trousers have been a constant measure. on base this licence to take away from a range of styles regardless of the context a more serious fashion aesthetic existed. The androgynous clothes many women choose to wear expressed the growing womens movement and their desire to be taken more seriously they entered the work force on a more equal footing. The seventies represented the twilight of an era of sexual liberation, ov er indulgence and decadence. The sexual revolution whitethorn have been discussed at length in the sixties, but it could be argued that it actually happened and exploded in the seventies, especially in increasingly jaded ways.The chic new sexual conventions of the day denied that a persons sexuality could be neatly classified. During the 1980s, fashion became integral to the newly emerging concept of the lifestyle. The new wealth and prosperity hyped in the media were ever more evident throughout the decade. In this decade there was a deregulation of the stock market and an explosion in property prices. This helped establish the culture of the yuppie. There was enormous wealth around, but it was spent with a corporate mentality, so that even the most exotic trophy wife appeared to be dressing not only for her an, but for boardroom approval. Power dressing- dressing to show your importance and bank balance, dressing for success, was in.Even if you were a supermarket shelf stacker, yo u would still wear your impressive power suit in Your spare time. In the 1990s Princess Diana of Wales, was a major influence. She had the rare gift of combining aristocrat grace with the stature of a catwalk model. She championed the interests of British fashion at floor and abroad and had her own unique international stage. Her style emerged over the years into a more sophisticated and confidently intuitive one.Having Diana wear your outfit was a priceless piece of publicity, but even for those who copied, she was a strong influence and a tonic to the industry. She gave hope to a whole new generation of couturiers and mainstream designers, and a new out look to many girls who could now wear such clothes without having to be debutante. To understand the constant changes in fashion, it is important to understand that fashions are always in harmony with their era.As a famous designer expressed it Fashion is a social phenomenon which reflects the same continuing change that rides thr ough any given age. Changes in fashion, he emphasised Correspond with the subtle and often hidden networks of forces that operate on society In this sense, fashion is a symbol. Different views exist on how fashion changes are started. Sprole & Burns categorised these views into two groups as follows- * Because the fashion industry thrives on change, this idea suggests that different segments of the industry force change on the consumer by dictating new trends. Traditionally, European fashion houses defended a powerful influence the trade media such as womens wear daily, shaped the industries choices.Therefore, consumers choices and retailers dictated what would be worn by what they carried. Although all these forces are important, Sproles noted Changing fashion is a far more complex phenomenon that those with the industry- centred views may wish to believe. In recent years, many consumers have become increasingly resistant to having new fashions forced on them. Often consumers now exert a spirit of independence in their dress by wearing what they feel is right for them, regardless of what the industry promotes.* Others who study fashion change, believe consumers are responsible for hat becomes fashionable. Given an array of products from which to chose certain trends develop because a group of consumers establish that these fashions are right. Four major theories suggest how consumers determine the course of new trends some trends may begin with the upper socioeconomic consumers. Others may occur within all socioeconomic groups. Sometimes fashions rise from subculture groups such as urban African- Americans, youth, blue collar workers and ethnic minorities such as Native American. Nearly any creative or initiative individual can launch fashion trends if they are consistent ith the social climate and lifestyles of the times (Sproles 1981). Men and women are complex creatures whose actions are seldom governed by reason alone. Change comes or so for psychologic al reasons.People grow bored of what they have, the eye wearies of the same colours, lines, and textures after a time. What is new and different appears refreshing, and what has been on the scene for a while appears drowsy and unattractive. Changes for such psychological reasons occur also in the fashions for products other than clothing. Auto manufacturers introduce new colours and shapes because potential buyers ire of the same colours an shape. Changes in fashion are also caused by rational reasons, such as environmental factors that create knew needs. A classic example of social change that brought roughly drastic change in fashions occurred in the early decades of the twentieth century, when women sort, gained and enjoyed new political and economic freedom. Their altered activities and concepts of them selves encouraged them to discard the constricting garments that had been in fashion for centuries and to adopt shorter skirts like those of Mary Quants, relaxed waistlines, bo bbed hair nd other fashions more appropriate to their more active lives.Generations later, as women moved into top executive positions in the business world, the tailored suit, soft blouses and attachi bags became the dressing for success fashion of young career women in the late seventies and eighties. The physical fitness movement in the 1970s and 1980s brought well-nigh the need for exercise clothing, and as the interest in jogging, hiking, tennis and aerobics grew, also did the need for new and different fashions appropriate to each of these active sports. fooling Fridays and a shift towards working at home have hanged the way many people dressed for work in the 1990s. Even environmental concerns influenced fashion by avoiding the use of certain dyes and finishes harmful to nature. Conclusion Although fashions change constantly and new ones appear almost every season, a full-scale change over is never completed at any one time. In studying the pattern in change in fashions, sch olars have observed that changes in fashion are evolutionary in nature, rather than revolutionary. It is only in retrospect that fashion changes seem marked or sudden.Actually they come about as a result f a series of gradual shifts from one season to the next. For example, when womens skirts became inching up from the mid calf in the 1960s this gradual shortening was not particularly noticeable at first. It was only when skirts moved thigh high, in the form of minis and micro minis, that people took notice of the approaching extreme. Even today, when the rate of fashion change has execrated sharply, the pace of change is really slower than it appears to the unskilled observer who has failed to notice the early evolutionary movements in a new direction.The evolutionary ature of fashion change is a fundamental principle that is recognised by fashion practitioners, it provides them with a solid, factual foundation for forecasting and identifying in-coming fashions. When planning and d eveloping new styling ideas, they always keep the current fashions and evolving directions in mind. Therefore the expectance of a particular coat or dress fashion during a current season becomes a husk in the wind for experts to search for clues to next seasons trends. The degree of its acceptance provides needed clues as to what will or will not be welcomed by the consumer in the next season.Knowing that people do not respond well to sudden changes, the fashion experts build gradually, not abruptly, towards new ideas. Even the slowest most gradual of evolutionary changes in fashion, do change eventually. Examples of this can be found in history and recent times. For example when the mini skirts of the 1960s moved up to the micro mini skirts of the1970s, hems began inching downward. Whether it be skirt lengths, suit lapels, silhouettes or general fashion looks, all fashions tend to move steadily towards an extreme, at which point a new direction develops.

Compare and Contrast: Being a Single Parent Essay

Single upraises often faces struggles in raising their families, it does not need only the parent but the fryren also. Families become a item-by-item parent family because of a death of a spouse or a divorce. A single parent struggles on financial, emotional, and social challenges. Of the eyes of the squirt, seeing their parent busy all the snip makes the child feel unheeded. The parent and children becomes depress because of all the accentuate she/he faces and lack of time for each other.A single parent faces money problems even though they have child support. Divorce couples often distribute the expenses but the single parent have less work opportunity because of the responsibilities she/he faces as raising children. Having a death of a spouse is more difficult because it leaves the single parent bills like car, funeral, hospital, and etc. The single parent need to work a lot to support the family but he/she leaves circumstantial time of spending time together. If the si ngle parent does not make enough money to support his/her family then sometimes the children is taken by the child protective services.The single parent and children faces emotional problems like depression and loneliness. After a death of a spouse or a divorce, the parent feels neglected and he/she sometimes shut themselves down for a long time and neglect their children. Even though the parent is not depress because of being a single parent, he/she has lots of responsibilities which gives little time to spend with the kids. The bond of the family weakens everyday which cause depression on each family member. Seeing their children suffer makes the parent feel angry and ends up blaming themselves.With all the things a single parent need to do, he/she lack social time with their kids. Communication is an important segment to make the family strong. Most single parents have more than one telephone line or go back to school for a better paying job in order to support financial needf ully and so he/she leaves their kids to a sitter or relative. This gives little time to help their children with academics, emotional, and etcetera problems personally. The child end up being negative because of the lack of help and communication.It is tough being a single parent with all the challenges they faced and lack of time with families. The three main challenges( financial, emotional, and social) makes the family fall apart. But not all single parent families are unsuccessful some are successful. The single parent needs to have a positive outlook by being responsible on all the duties he/she faces, making the family number one priority, being free-spoken with kids, taking care of themselves and still maintain family relationships or traditions. Each single parent out there should follow these things in order to accomplish their oddment in life, wishing the best for their childrens future or outlook.http//www.ehow.com/info_8008164_causes-effects-single-parents.html http//fo reverfamilies.byu.edu/Article.aspx?a=83Work CitedCarpenter, Michael E. What Are Some of the Challenges Single Parents Face? EHow. Demand Media, 09 Dec. 2010. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. Duncan, Stephen F. Being a Successful Single Parent. Forever Families. School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. Gilbert, Rebecca. The Difficulties That Single Parents Face. EHow. Demand Media, 14 Feb. 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. Golden, Jaime. Single Parents & the Effects on Their Children. EHow. Demand Media, 08 Mar. 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. McGrath, Victoria. Causes & Effects of Single Parents. EHow. Demand Media, 02 Mar. 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2013.

Hotel and Lodging Career Research Essay

Executive SummaryWith game curiosity and interest in many fields, I have changed my c areer goal from archaeology to science then to architecture and finally to enterprisership in hospitality and traveling. In preparation for launching my own telephone circuit, I determined to learn more closely the hotel and housing industry through a pecuniary and accounting put. A hotel is an establishment that provides temporary accommodation and motley services depending on the rate per night a customer can afford. Nowadays, as customers take ins and affordability vary, hotel and dwell facilities could be classified into multiple levels of definitions based on stinting structure, price, chain scale, location, room configuration or market served.A large hotel with full service often comprises many departments with specialized employees. A command Manager leads the main operating departments which consist of Room, Security, Food and Beverage and Minor Services. The administrative depar tments of a hotel are story, Engineering and Marketing and Sales. As of 2007, in the US, in that respect are approximately 49 thousand hotels and housing properties that have over 15 rooms, providing about 4.5 million guest rooms and generating 139.4 billion dollars in revenue. The U.S hotel and lodging industry employs about 1.4 million carryers and serves both business and leisure travelers. International travelers make up 22% of lodging room occupants.In the current frugal downturn that started in late 2007, decreases in both traveling and financing has pulled earnings of hotels in the US down by 11.6% in occupancy rate, 8.6% in average daily rate, and 19.1% in revenue per available room, leaving the industry in a struggle to attract customers and provide jobs for their employees. A typical entry-level administrative blot in a hotel requires a four-year bachelors degree in a business related major. Other desirable traits for candidates are lead skills, communications skill s, billet, and more.There are few administrative positions in the current hotel and lodging industry that college graduates can obtain, but they are exciting jobs that promise speedy advancement, relocation opportunities, and even room rate discounts for associates. Financial and accounting positions in the hotel industry include patron Controller, ranking(prenominal) Assistant Controller, and director of finance and Accounting.Assistant Controllers and Senior Assistant Controllers work at the daily operating level and assist the Director of Finance and Accounting in making decisions. Directors of Finances and Accounting work at strategic decision making and are members of the executive committee of the hotel, overseeing the health of the hotel in general. With leadership skills, communication skills and by going beyond the expected and being willing to relocate, a new college graduate could advance quickly in the hotel industry.The knowledge I will gain from working in hotel and lodging industry will prepare me to launch my own lodging business. From myriad interest to a focus on hospitality With a high level of curiosity and thousands of questions in mind, I have been an explorer since I was small. By the time I was 10, I decided to discover the secrets of the world by becoming an archaeologist, who travels to different places and digs things up all day. Before I thought further about digging around, however, I became captivated by doubting Thomas Alva Edison the genius inventor with thousands of inventions.My hope for becoming an inventor was so high that I started to study really hard in sanctify to understand more about natural science. For two years, I kept my enthusiasm, but the attraction for houses and buildings soon dawned on me. At the time, I was really good at industrial technology courses, especially industrial drawing and blueprint design. Being a visual learner, I had no difficulty interpreting blueprints. I even scribbled or so of my own ideas and purchased numerous issues of architectural magazines. When I got into high school, I told myself that I would take an exam to get into an architecture school. However, in Vietnam, at the time, there was a movement of studying abroad. Even though I got into the science division of high school, English has always been my forte, and I had feelings of uncertainty about becoming an architect.Then, in my last year of high school, I applied for a high school exchange program in the United States and took the first step on my study abroad route. As I matured abroad, I stepped away from my childhood interests and thought carefully about the reality of each job I was interested in. Still being enthusiastic about discovering the world, I shifted my method from being an archaeologist to being a traveler. Still enamored of great buildings and designs, I desired to work at nice hotels and resorts or build my own. With my parents owning a business, I was strongly influenced by the in dependence and creativity of entrepreneurship, which inspired me to locomote an entrepreneur specializing in hotels and traveling.More importantly, as I studied abroad I developed a sympathy for other(a)s travelers and discovered a passion to fulfill others film duration away from home. Hospitality is also a career that is people-oriented, offering tremendous opportunities to improve communication skills and meet people. As I am prosecute a double major in Accounting and Finance, I look forward to obtaining a financial position in a hotel, in order to learn about the cost and profits of operating a hotel and the process of financing hotels specifically. As I increase my knowledge, my final direction is to launch a hospitality business of my own, providing customers with unique impressions, positive experiences and exceptional services.Hotel and Lodging constancy at a GlanceAs people travel for various purposes, hotels are convenient facilities that offer temporary accommodation and services during the stay at appropriate prices. Thus, a harbor view room with large bathroom, TV, in-room Internet, air conditioning, 1,000 thread-count bedding, hot chocolate machine, morning paper, and more in a hotel that has a three-star restaurant, conference room, and swimming pools and is located in the middle of all the action could cost hundreds of dollars a night.Meanwhile, a bunk bed in a hostel, with a shared bathroom at the end of the hall and common kitchen costs about twenty dollars a night. With a diversity of customers, hotels and lodging facilities nowadays are thoroughly differentiated based on the services provided. In the book A Host of Opportunities An launching to Hospitality Management a hotel can be classified into multiple definitions based on its structure, price, chain scale, location, room configuration or market served (Hoof 75-83).Hotel organisational StructureIn order to effectively handle myriad customers needs, a large hotel could contain man y departments including Rooms department, Food and Beverage department, and other administrative departments. Smaller hotels or family-owned facilities may not have the same range of staff or definite departmental arrangement instead, lodging managers and employees may multitask. infra is a diagram of a large hotels departmental governing body and its employees, from A Host of Opportunities An Introduction to Hospitality Management.Scope of U.S Lodging Industry gibe to the American Hotel and Lodging Associations 2008 Lodging Industry Profile, by 2007 there were 48,062 lodging properties of 15 rooms and up in the United States. Those properties do up a total of 4,476,191 guestrooms and generated $139.4 billion in sales. The revenue per available room (RevPAR) was $65.52, and the average occupancy rate was 63.1%. Room grade rose constantly, while the most updated average room rate stood at $103.87 in 2007. The before tax profits was $28 billion, according to Smith Travel Research (STR), an organization specializing in benchmark and research for the lodging industry (qtd. in 2008 Lodging Industry Profile).Hotel properties across the country employed about 1.4 million workers. Meanwhile, lodging customers were comprised of 44% business travelers and 56% leisure travelers. The United States ranked first in world-wide customer receipts with spending from international travelers at $122 billion, and proceed to receive more international travelers than previous years at a 10% growth rate. This enormous flow of international travelers made up 22% of all lodging room nights in 2007 (2008 Lodging Industry Profile). Thus, by 2007 the U.S hotel and lodging industry was still prospering, until it got caught later in the current of the economic downturn.Hotel and Lodging Industry in Current Economic DownturnThe current economic slowdown discouraged consumer spending on vacation travel and business spending on business travel, which affected the hotel industry directly. According to Smith Travel Research the U.S hotel industry posted declined in the three key functioning measurements during the week of 26 April 2 May, as in STRs recent weekly U.S performance report (qtd. in STR posts US results for week ending 2 May 2009).The three key measurements are industry occupancy rate (OC), which declined by 11.6% over a year performance, average daily rate (ADR), which declined by 8.6% and revenue per available room (RevPAR), which declined by 19.1% (STR posts US results for week ending 2 May 2009). As the earnings decline, hotels cut costs in a variety of ways including employments, make it harder even for college graduates to find good positions.Preparing for a Career in Hotel ManagementIn order to obtain an administrative position in a hotel, a bachelors degree from an accredited college or university is preferred, especially for finance and accounting positions. In the Marriot International Incorporates description of financial and accounting positi ons provided by Beth Zabawa, Director of Finance and Accounting at Renaissance St. Louis Grand & Suites Hotel, a candidate for the Assistant Controller position the entry level financial position should have 4-year bachelors degree in Finance and Accounting or related major no work experience required (Zabawa). However, in place of work experience, exceptional interpersonal skills and positive attitude such as leadership skills, communication skills and confidence are desirable (Zabawa).Financial and Accounting Positions in the Hotel and Lodging Industry Hotel and lodging careers do not suggest working only as a front desk clerk or housekeeping. Many management positions in hotels such as general manager, controller, and sales offer quick advancement, relocation opportunities, and many other novelty benefits such as hotel-associate-only discounts on room rate.These positions are good starting points for college graduates. For finance major graduates, positions in the hotel industr y may be hold in but could be uniquely rewarding. At small establishments, the lodging manager often oversees both operating activities and administrative activities, including bookkeeping and financing. Only large hotels need and are able to afford several accounting and finance positions. Some of the financial and accounting positions are Assistant Controller, Senior Assistant Controller, and Director of Finance and Accounting.Description of the jobsIn the Marriot International Incorporateds description of financial and accounting positions provided by Zabawa, the entry-level position for a college undergraduate is Assistant Controller, who works at the daily operating level. An assistant controllers primary responsibilities include financial analysis and financial reporting, budgeting and forecasting, audit and control, asset and liability reconciliation, working detonator and control (Zabawa). Zabawa said that Assistant Controller mostly works in the office, reports to the Di rector of Finance and Accounting and attends meetings with other departments.She also provided other information about salary and benefits, training, opportunities for advancement for financial positions and some advice for college graduates starting in the industry. Incoming employees begin with an extensive Management Program that lasts about 6 to 8 weeks, supply the person with the knowledge and processes involved with working at Marriott Inc. Following the extensive training are online training and a 1-week class that evaluates the new employees and train them to work in groups. The starting salary for an Assistant Controller is at around $40,000 a year. Beside salary, associates at Marriott Inc. receive benefits such as health insurance, life insurance, damage insurance, dental insurance and a 401k plan.Depending on the properties, employees may benefit from working in a hotel by receiving free lunch or discount rates when staying at the chains properties. After 12 to 18 mont hs, there is an opportunity for the Assistant Controller to transfer to other properties of Marriott Inc. or to be promoted to Senior Assistant Controller (Zabawa). Senior Assistant Controllers responsibilities include overlooking the tasks of the Assistant Controller and assisting the Director of Finance and Accounting in reporting and making decisions. After 12 to 18 months to two years, a Senior Assistant Controller at Marriott Inc. could either transfer to other properties or become Director of Finance and Accounting at smaller properties (Zabawa).The Director of Finance and Accounting enjoys many different aspects of financial careers. As part of the Executive citizens committee of the properties, the main responsibilities of a Director of Finance and Accounting are strategic decision making. Stepping away from the daily paper work of the Assistant Controller or Senior Assistant Controller work, a Director of Finance and Accounting attends meetings to discuss the hotels operat ional strategies, controls spending and develops budget, studies competitors and communicates with the estates owner, described Zabawa. She revealed her opinions for the Director of Finance and Accounting position as exciting, informational and engaging.The work is different each day, the reports the Director of Finance and Accounting received provide thorough knowledge of the hotel and lodging industry and Marriott Inc. has a very loyal working culture with each associate working as if the hotel is their own business (Zabawa). Zabawa advised new college graduates prosecute hotel careers to be innovative, confident, assertive, and proactive, and find ways to add value to the business. Interpersonal skills such as communication skills, both speaking and writing skills, and leadership skills are invaluable for college graduates to advance in the hotel and lodging industry (Zabawa). The flow chart below demonstrates the time and skills an entry level position in the Finance and Accoun ting office needs in order to advance to the next level.ConclusionThe hotel and lodging industry is the intersection between the travel and hospitality industries that offers many different directions to explore. part working in a financial position in a hotel, I will be able to learn more about the financial aspect of hotel operation, gain experience in customer service and find a niche for myself to debut in the hotel industry. Combination with private service is a possible solution to my entrepreneurship direction.In comparison with US and European hotel industry, Asian markets are less professional and developed. As I start in Vietnam, I want to broaden the Vietnamese tourism industry with ethnic hotels or lodging facilities that would bring a truly authentic experience to travelers to Vietnam. With later international expansion, I hope to establish a model of authentic traveling and cultural interaction in the world tourism industry.Work Cited2008 Lodging Industry Profile. Ame rican Hotel and Lodging Association. 30 Apr. 2009. Dedicated Staff. The Knightsbridge London. 30 Apr. 2009. Five Star Concierge Service LLC. 30 Apr. 2009.Hoof, Hubert, Gary Vallen, Marilyn Mc. Donald, and Paul Wiener. A Host of Opportunities An Introduction to Hospitality Management. newborn Jersey Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. Print. Housekeeping Service. The Knightsbridge London. 30 Apr. 2009. STR posts US results for week ending 2 May 2009. Hospitalitynet.org. Hospitality Net, 8 May. 2009. 10 May 2009. Zabawa, Beth. Personal Interview. 8 Apr. 2009.

Can We Speak of a ‘Classless Society’

jackpot we speak of a contourless society? Stratification is a concept we argon faced with on a occasional basis, whether it is a conscious or subconscious element of our lives. Class has been a dominant form of brotherly social stratification in traditional views of society, but mans evolution in thought, behaviour, out find, organisation and culture has guide to critical criticism questioning the very existence of bod itself Does split yet exist? Can we speak of a classless society? Analysing the role that class does or doesnt play in upstart society is interesting because we are our very induce sources.Through first hand experiences of class we throne determine the role it plays in our eachday lives. Class can be viewed both subjectively depending on how we appreciate of ourselves, or objectively dealing with how we are structurally located in society. (Milner, 1999) Therefore, combining our subjective, micro-level cause of class with a macro-level, objective analys is of class, we can determine the degree to which class persists in raw society. The view of stratification and class will continuously persist as it provides a foundation for organization and identity in society.Although the word class will never die, the traditional role class plays in society has certainly died. Social Class is the class of today it has followed the death of the rigid, traditional and intolerant class of yesterday. Today throng are much em office staffed and can take control of their social standing, an idea supported with the current social mobility and emergence of the middle class. Social class classifies people in ground of gender, ethnicity, race, age, culture etcetera Naturally, economic class continues to play its role in society, but it does so in harmony with other sentiments of social class. Class is disintegrating because people are becoming much undividedistic. What matters today is how people see themselves, as opposed to how they are viewed by society. (Pakulski, et al. , 1996). Traditionally, society consisted of inherited classifications between masters and slaves, and lords and peasants etc. , which constituted the natural way of association. There are certain parts of the world where people lighten live by their inherited class. In India for example there is a clique System, in which every individual is categorized into divisions (colour, ancestors, rank).There are four main clubs with various sub-castes and each have a heavy(p) amount sub castes within them, further more outside the caste system are the Un strikeables who are loaded and viewed as impure all the time. The four main castes Brahminspriests Kshatryaswarriors Vaishyastraders Shudraslaborers A significant classical view of class is that of Marx. His traditional view of class contained two distinct classes Bourgeoisie or the capitalist class, who own their own means of production, and the Proletariat or working class, who own their own labour. Marx, et al. , 1848) Exploitation between these two social groupings in the capitalist production process defined Marxist class (Pakulski, et al. , 1996). The Marxist view is echt and objective, furthermore its concerned with the different strata as a whole kinda than the individuals within them (Saunders, P. 1990). For Marx, social power was achieved rigorously by dint of economic class. He viewed class as a rigid and arrangemental aspect of society. Hence, his interpretations of class failed to account for the fluidity of modern class.Conversely, Webers view of class is much more synonymous with the role class plays in modern society. He looks at class in toll of the cultural and social roles it plays in society and focuses more on stratification through consumption rather than production. (Pakulski, et al. , 1996) He juxtaposes class as an economic relation with class as a social relation, strange Marx who predominantly focused on economic class. Weber analysed class in terms of status and stratification in the light of property, ownership, occupational skills, religion, legal rights, lifestyle and consumption.This view of class is still relevant in todays society and therefore Webers view of class is non all told classified under the dead or dated outlook on class. Weber did also look at class in terms of economic relations and the possessions of economic goods, as well as market position. He believed that life chances are determined by how one is positioned in the market. (Weber, 1922) This relates to the Indian Caste systems where members of a high caste (Brahmans) enjoy more wealth and opportunities members of a low caste (untouchables) suffice unwanted menial jobs.The Untouchables world the lowest stratum are regarded as underprivileged, demoralized and backward, accordingly given the jobs such as sweeping, garbage collector and regarded as impure individuals- the idea that once they touch another individual there needs to be a cleansing as the u ntouchables are nasty. Individuals were relatively powerless, as they could not acquire wealth or status through changing position in a market place. Today, however, hard work and merit allows for social mobility and people have a stronger influence over their position in society. Milner, 1999) Having said that, some individuals do not get the luck of social mobility- due to the fact that they are either uneducated or the fact that they do not have the right social networks.Gandhi named the Untouchables Harijians (Children of God)- by doing this he tried upward mobility by trying to enkindle their status through different means (befriending and eating with the impure). Underclass in general tend to father multiple deprevisation, as they are dependent on state welfare (if given) and have low levels of statement hence making it harder for upward mobility (Saunders, P. 990) Social mobility and individual control over social standing has been greatly strengthened through the modern preoccupation with fosterage. The increased priority given to exposing larger proportions of society to education has empowered individuals, allowing them to use their educations as a tool to overcome class barriers. Overall, the ability to move up and down the social ladder in present day society makes class that is classified purely in an economic sense irrelevant. Economic class is no longer a steady, inherited, and life-long, concrete concept, as people can change their economic standing within their own life span or across generations. The concept of the middle class has also arisen through the idea of social mobility and empowerment through education, and does not concur with Marxs traditional view of class. Today, the proletariat of traditional Marxism is being replaced by machinery as the advancement in technology has made some manual work redundant.Furthermore, the idea that many modern companies do not solely rely on legal ownership of a company, but instead hire people due to technical competence, gives people the opportunity to hold managerial positions that have a lot of power. This is the idea of recruitment via meritocrality and hints at the death of classical conventions of class. Therefore, the idea of objective class being defined as the relationship between the ownership and non-ownership of productive resources has greatly dissolved (Lee, et al. , 1996).Having said that in India the opportunity of mobility is limited it all comes down to the status, power or class of the individual- this is due to the fact that India is still developing and full of politics, an individual would have to have the right connections in order to do or acquire anything but most most-valuable factor in accomplishing anything in India would be money. Furthermore if an individual is a Shudras they would have less capital compared to the Brahmans, hence decreasing their chance of opportunities they can take.Within the Indian caste system most people remain in one caste their entire life and sweep up within their caste. Although class is viewed differently today, it does not necessarily mean that modern views of class are more equitable. In fact, there is still a strong lack of equity within the different classifications of gender, ethnicity, sex activity etc furthermore there are parts of the world where class is a vital aspect in their everyday life and interaction. The difference being that in contemporary society people are more attached to individualist and consumerist forms of discrimination and inequality.It can be said that today consumption is more important than production, class is no longer a lifetime experience, but instead thought close to as an individual biography, and exclusion from the labour market is the more appropriate way to think about poverty. Although the concept of class is ever-present, the objective and subjective role it plays in society has been greatly alter within the western society, thereby accounting f or the death of classical class theories.Having said that India could never be a classless society as people are not acting constructively to make do class divisions, this is due to the fact that most underclass cannot undergo upward mobility, as they do not have the opportunity or resources. Class is a social relationship that invades each individuals lives. There has been a death of traditional class within the western society as individuals are acting constructively to escape class divisions and go towards a classless society, however an evolved definition of class continues to dominate the 21st century.Bibliography Saunders, P. 1990. Social Class and Stratification, USA, Rutledge. Pakulski J and Malcolm W. (1996) The Death of Class. London Sage. Milner, A. (1999) Class. London Sage. Weber, M. 1922 Class, Status and Party. tear from Economy and Society in W. G. Runciman ed. (1978) Max Weber Selections in Translation. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Pp. 43-56. Giddens, A . (1994) Beyond Left and Right. Cambridge Polity. Pp. 139-48 Marx, K. and Engels, F. 1848 Bourgeois and proletarians, plane section 1 of The Communist Manifesto, in D. McLellan ed. (1977) Karl Marx Selected Writings. Oxford Oxford University Press. Pp. 222-231. Prandy, K. 2002. Ideal Types, Stereotypes and Class. The British Journal of Sociology, Volume 53 number 4, page14. Brahman. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 06, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/77093/Brahman Harijans. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved October 06, 2010 from Encyclopedia. com http//www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1E1-Harijans. html

Implementation of Lsb Steganography and Its Evaluation for Various File Formats

Int. J. ripe(p) Ne dickensrking and Applications leger 02, write 05, Pages 868-872 (2011) 868 Implementation of LSB Steganography and its Evaluation for Various File Formats V. Lokeswara Reddy Department of CSE, K. S. R. M. College of Engg. , Kadapa, A. P. India Email emailprotected com Dr. A. Subramanyam Dept. of CSE, AITS, Rajampet, Y. S. R. (Kadapa) Dist.. A. P. Dr. P. Chenna Reddy Dept. of CSE, JNTUCE, Pulivendula, Y. S. R. (Kadapa) Dist.. A. P. ABSTRACT-Steganography is derived from the Greek enounce steganos which literally means Covered and graphy means Writing, i. e. surmounted writing. Steganography refers to the science of invisible communication. For wipet confidential in initializeion in various file puts, there exists a large variety of steganographic techniques some atomic number 18 to a greater extent(prenominal) complex than other(a)s and all of them experience respective strong and weak points.The least(prenominal) Significant micro chip (LSB) embedd ing technique suggests that data can be surreptitious in the least significant compositions of the cover symbol and the human eye would be unable to notice the unfathomable cypher in the cover file. This technique can be utilize for concealing throws in 24-Bit, 8-Bit, Gray outgo format. This paper explains the LSB Embedding technique and Presents the valuation for various file formats. Keywords Steganography, Least Significant Bit (LSB), GIF, PNG, BMP. -Date of Submission 24, August 2010 Date of Acceptance 08 November 2010 ar transferred through unknown cover carriers in such a manner that the very existence of the introduce nubs is undetec shelve. Carriers include personas audio, video, text or any other digitally delineate code or transmission. The hidden kernel may be plaintext, cipher text or anything that can be represented as a smudge stream.II. IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY run into compression techniques argon extensively utilize in steganography. Among the two type s of range of mountains compressions, lossy compression and loss less compression lossless compression formats offer more promises. Lossy compression compression may not maintain the original motion-picture shows integrity. lossless compression maintains the original image data exactly, hence it is prefered. Example of Lossy compression format is JPEG format files. Examples of Lossless compression formats are GIF3 and BMP formats.We have utilise an 8- s image size for implementation of our steganography. Improvement in stegnographic techniques is make it possible to apply the Detecting LSB Steganography in Colour and Gray- Scale Images which were confined to gray eggshell images in the initial stages The difficulty in distort images control is solved later on in many techniques such as the analysis of the variation of the gradient energy. The incomprehensible center embedded in the tar give rise image is detected in both gray and colour images, and the length of the embedded message is estimated 5, 6. -I. INTRODUCTION Digital content is now posing formidable challenges to content developers, aggregators, distri simplyors and users. The destruction, extraction or variety of the embedded message is required to develop more robust systems so that the digital content treat and organization becomes easy. Cryptography was created as a technique for securing the concealing of communication and many different methods have been developed to encrypt and decrypt data in order to keep the message secret.Unfortunately it is sometimes not enough to keep the contents of a message secret, it may in like manner be undeniable to keep the existence of the message secret. The technique used to implement this, is called steganography. The shift from cryptography to stegnography is due to that concealing the image existence as stegno-images enable to embeded the secret message to cover images. Steganography conceptually implies that the message to be transmitted is no t visible to the informal eye. Steganography has been used for thousands of years to transmit data without being intercepted by unwanted viewers.It is an art of hiding information inside information. The main objective of Steganography is mainly concerned with the shield of contents of the hidden information. Images are ideal for information hiding1,2 because of the large amount of redundant space is created in the storing of images. Secret messages Int. J. Advanced Net working and Applications Volume 02, hump 05, Pages 868-872 (2011) III. HIDING METHODS IN IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY In Image Steganography, on that point are a variety of methods exploitation which information can be hidden in images.Least Significant Bit heir technical schoolnique In image steganography al just about all data hiding techniques try to alter insignificant information in the cover image. Least significant turn of events (LSB) interpolation is a common, simple approach to embedding information in a cove r image. For instance, a simple final cause proposed, is to place the embedding data at the least significant bit (LSB) of each pixel in the cover image7,8,9 . The alter image is called stego-image. Altering LSB doesnt change the quality of image to human perception but this scheme is sensitive a variety of image processing attacks like compression, cropping etc.We issue be emphasizing more on this technique for the various image formats. Moderate Significant Bit Replacement Technique The moderate significant bits of each pixel in the cover image can be used to embed the secret message. This method improves sensitivity to modification, but it degrades the quality of stego-image. Experiments have shown that the length of hidden messages embedded in the least significant bits of signal samples can be estimated with relatively high precision. IV. THE LSB proficiency The least significant bit i. e. the eighth bit inside an image is changed to a bit of the secret message.When using a 24bit image, one can store 3 bits in each pixel by changing a bit of each of the red, green and blue colour components, since they are each represented by a byte. An 800? 600 pixel image, can thus store a total amount of 1,440,000 bits or 180,000 bytes of embedded data. As an example, suppose that we have three adjacent pixels (9 bytes) with the RGB encoding. 10010101 00001101 11001001 10010110 00001111 11001011 10011111 00010000 11001011 When the number 300, can be which binary representation is 100101100 embedded into the least significant bits of this part of the image.If we overlay these 9 bits over the LSB of the 9 bytes above, we get the following (where bits in bold have been changed) 10010101 00001100 11001000 10010111 00001110 11001011 10011111 00010000 11001010 Here the number 300 was embedded into the grid, only the 5 bits needed to be changed according to the embedded message. On average, only half of the bits in an image will need to be modified to hide a secret messa ge using the maximum cover size. Since there are 869 256 possible intensities of each primary colour, changing the LSB of a pixel results in dispirited changes in the intensity of the colour.The human eye cannot perceive these changes thus the message is successfully hidden. With a happy image, one can tear down hide the message in the LSB without noticing the difference10. Fig. 1 Block plot for use Logic of LSB embedding V. DESIGN DETAILS This section focuses on algorithmic rules Steganography and Steganalysis10 A. Algorithm for Hiding (Steganography) 1. 2. 3. Read the original image and the image which is to be hidden in the original image Shift the image to hide in the cover image by X bits. And the original image or cover image with 240 which is 11110000 So four MSBs set to 0.Because of this only four LSBs considered further. The shifted hidden image and the result of step 3 are bitored. This makes changes only in the X LSB bits so that the image is hidden in the original image. of LSB 4. In MATLAB we convert it to unit8 format. This image can be called as the stego image B. Algorithm for Steganalysis 1. The stego image is bit shifted by 4 bits since it was shifted by 4 bits to insert it into the original image. 2. The image is the ANDED with 255 i. e. , 11111111, which gives the original image. It is ANDED with 255 because initially all the LSBs were made 0.Now it is recovered back. 3. To get it to Unit8 format we, convert it back to unit8 which is the extracted image. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications Volume 02, Issue 05, Pages 868-872 (2011) that a message is being passed is being achieved. C. LSB in GIF 870 Fig. 2 Block Diagram for Steganalysis VI. IMAGE ANALYSIS A. LSB in BMP The BMP file format in any case called bitmap or DIB file format (for device-independent bitmap), is an image file format used to store bitmap digital images. Since BMP is not widely used the mistrust might arise, if it is transmitted with an LSB stego.When im age are used as the carrier in Steganography they are generally manipulated by changing one or more of the bits of the byte or bytes that make up the pixels of an image. The message can be stored in the LSB of one colour of the RGB value or in the parity bit of the entire RGB value. A BMP is capable of hiding quite a large message. LSB in BMP is most able for applications, where the focus is on the amount of information to be transmitted and not on the secrecy of that information. If more number of bits is altered, it may result in a larger possibility that the altered bits can be recognisen with the human eye.But with the LSB the main objective of Steganography is to pass a message to a receiver without an interloper even knowing that a message is being passed is being achieved. B. LSB in PNG Portable Network graphics (PNG) is a bitmapped image format that employs lossless data compression. PNG was created to improve upon and replace GIF. Since PNG is widely used the suspicion m ight not arise if it is transmitted with an LSB stego. When images are used as the carrier in Steganography they are generally manipulated by changing one or more of the bits of the byte or bytes that make up the pixels of an image.The message can be stored in the LSB of one colour of the RGB value or in the parity bit of the entire RGB value . A PNG is capable of hiding quite a large message. LSB in PNG is most suitable for applications where the focus is on the amount of information to be transmitted and not on the secrecy of that information. If more number of bits is altered it may result in a larger possibility that the altered bits can be seen with the human eye. But with the LSB the main objective of steganography i s to pass a message to a receiver without an interloper even knowingGraphics interchange format also known as GIF is one of the machine independent compressed formats for storing images. Since GIF images only have a bit depth of 8, amount of information that can be hidden is less than with BMP. Embedding information in GIF images using LSB results in almost the same results as those of using LSB with BMP. LSB in GIF is a very efficient algorithm to use when embedding a reasonable amount of data in a grayscale image. GIF images are indexed images where the colours used in the image are stored in a pallet.It is sometimes referred to as a colour search table. Each pixel is represented as a single byte and the pixel data is an index to the colour palette. The colours of the palette are typically ordered from the most used colour to the least used colours to reduce lookup time. Some extra care is to be taken if the GIF images are to be used for Steganography. This is because of the problem with the palette approach. If the LSB of a GIF image is changed using the palette approach, it may result in a completely different colour. This is because the index to the colour palette is changed.The change in the resulting image is discernible if the ad jacent palette entries are not similar. But the change is not noticeable if the adjacent palette entries are similar. Most applications that use LSB methods on GIF images have low security because it is possible to detect even moderate change in the image. Solutions to these problems could be 1. Sort the palette so that the colour difference betwixt consecutive colours is minimized 2. Add new colours, which are visually similar to the existing colours in the palette. 3. Use Gray scale images.In a 8 bit Gray scale GIF image, there are 256 shades of gray. This results in gradual changes in the colours and it is hard to detect. VII. EXPERIMENTED RESULTS Following observational results highlights on 8 bit LSB Steganography. A. Results for . png image 8 bit stego image Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications Volume 02, Issue 05, Pages 868-872 (2011) 871 B. Results for . bmp file 8 bit stego image PSNR is measured in decibels (dB). PSNR is a good measure for analyse restoration re sults for the same image, but between-image comparisons of PSNR are meaningless.MSE and PSNR values for each file format is shown in table 1. Table 1 Image quality metrics for bmp file Cover image 224. 948 24. 6100 Stego image 244. 162 24. 2540 Cover- Stego image 69. 826 29. 690 MSE PSNR Stego Recovered IX. EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES There are many steganographic algorithms ready(prenominal). One should select the best available algorithm for the given application. Following characteristics are to be evaluated while selecting a particular file format for Steganography. Steganography says that the secret message is to be hidden and it should result in an distortion less image.The distortion moldiness(prenominal) not be visible to the human eye. The amount of data embedded in the image also plays an important role. The algorithm decides how much amount of data could be embedded in the image resulting in a distortion less image. Steganalysis is the technique of detecting the hidden information in the image. The algorithm for Steganography must be such that the steganalysis algorithms should fail. i. e the Steganography algorithms must not be prune to attacks on steganalysis. During communication the intruder could check the original image to remove the hidden information..He/she may manipulate the image. This manipulation may include cropping or rotation etc of the images. The manipulations done may cause the image distortion. Steganographic algorithms chosen must be such that it overcomes such manipulation and the steganographic data reaches the destination in the required format. VIII. EVALUATION OF IMAGE character For comparing stego image with cover results requires a measure of image quality, commonly used measures are Mean-Squared Error, boot signal/noise ratio Ratio3 and histogram. A.Mean-Squared Error The mean-squared error (MSE) between two images I1(m,n) and I2(m,n) is M and N are the number of rows and columns in the input images, respecti vely. Mean-squared error depends strongly on the image intensity scaling. A mean-squared error of 100. 0 for an 8-bit image (with pixel values in the range 0-255) looks dreadful but a MSE of 100. 0 for a 10- bit image (pixel values in 0,1023) is barely noticeable B. Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) avoids this problem by scaling the MSE according to the image range Int. J.Advanced Networking and Applications Volume 02, Issue 05, Pages 868-872 (2011) Table 2 Comparison of LSB technique for various file formats LSB LSB LSB In BMP in GIF In PNG fate Distortion less High Medium High resultant image Invisibility Steganalysis detection Image manipulation Amount of embedded data Payload capacity Independent of file format X. finish Since BMP uses lossless compression, LSB makes use of BMP image. To be able to hide a secret message inside a BMP file, one would require a very large cover image. BMP images of 800? 600 pixels found to have less network application s.Moreover such uses are not accepted as valid. For this reason, LSB Steganography has also been developed for use with other image file formats. Although only some of the main image steganographic techniques were discussed in this paper, one can see that there exists a large selection of approaches to hiding information in images. All the major image file formats have different methods of hiding messages, with different strong and weak points respectively. LSB in GIF images has the potential of hiding a large message, but only when the most suitable cover image has been chosen.High abject junior-grade High High Low Medium Low Low Medi um Medi um Low Medium Low Low Medium Medium High Authors Biography 872 Steganography Seeing the Unseen, Computer Journal, February 1998. 5 Li Zhi,Sui Ai Fen. , Detection of Random LSB Image Steganography The IEEE 2003 internationalistic Symposium on Persona1,lndoor and Mobile Radio Communication Proceedings, 2004. 6 Jessica Fridrich, Miroslav Golja n, and Rui Du. , Detecting LSB Steganography in Color and GrayScale Images, IEEE Multimedia. 7 F. Collin,Encryptpic, http//www. winsite. com/bin/ Info? 500000033023. 8 G. Pulcini, Stegotif, http//www. geocities. om /SiliconValley/9210/gfree. html. 9 T. Sharp, Hide 2. 1, 2001,www. sharpthoughts. org. 10 Deshpande Neeta, Kamalapur Snehal, Daisy Jacobs Implementation of LSB Steganography and Its Evaluation for Various Bits Digital development Management, 2006 maiden International conference. pp 173-178,2007. V. Lokeswara Reddy did his M. Tech (CSE) from SRM University, Chennai in the year 2005. He did his M. C. A from S. V. University, Tirupati in the year 2000. He is move his Ph. D from JNTUA, Anantapur. He has a total of 09 years of experience in teaching. Currently he is working as Associate Professor at K.S. R. M College of Engineering, Kadapa. He has presented 2 papers in International and National Conferences. Dr. A. Subramanyam received his Ph. D. degree in Computer schol arship and Engineering from JNTU College of Engineering, Anantapur. He has obtained his B. E. (ECE) from University of Madras and M. Tech. (CSE) from Visweswaraiah Technological University. He is having 17 years experience in teaching. He is currently working as Professor & HOD in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering of Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences, Rajampet, Y. S. R. (Kadapa) Dist. A. P.He has presented and published number of papers in International and National Conferences, International and National Journals. He is guiding few Ph. D. s. His research areas of bet are parallel processing, network security and data warehousing. Dr. P. Chenna Reddy did his B. Tech (CSE) from S. V. University College of Engineering, Tirupati in the year 1996. He did his M. Tech from JNTU, Anantapur. He completed his Ph. D from JNTU, Hyderabad. He has a total of 13 years of experience in teaching. Currently he is working as Associate Professor at JNTUA College of Engi neering, Pulivendula, Y.S. R. (Kadapa) Dist. , A. P. He has number of publications to his credit. References 1 Pfitzmann Birgit. Information Hiding Terminology, First International Workshop, Cambridge, UK, Proceedings, Computer Science, 1174. pp. 347-350, MayJune. 2 Westfield Andreas and Andreas Pfitzmann, Attacks on Steganographic Systems, Third International Workshop, IH99 Dresden Germany, October Proceedings, Computer Science 1768. pp. 61- 76, 1999. 3 Moerland, T. , Steganography and Steganalysis, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computing