Test Preparation Campbell Biology Essay Example

Test Preparation: Campbell Biology Paper Chapter 31: Fungi Though fungal divisions have traditionally been based on modes of sexual reproduction, molecular considerations are becoming more important. Consequently, no emphasis has been placed on the vagaries of sexual and asexual reproduction among various fungi in this Test Bank. Instead, new questions assess students abilities to think logically about fungal morphology, genetics, and ecology. Two new sets of scenario questions deal with the biology of microsporidians and chytrids, ungi thought to play a substantial role in the worldwide decline of many amphibians. If you need assistance with a paper or task on a different biological subject, do not hesitate to contact our team from Ascendnaamba.org, professional essay writing service! Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i. e. , have an amine group attached) molecules of -glucose? We will write a custom essay sample on Test Preparation: Campbell Biology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Test Preparation: Campbell Biology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Test Preparation: Campbell Biology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A) insect exoskeleton; B) plant cell walls; C) fungal cell walls; D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct. Answer: E. Topic: Concept 31. Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal ompetitors have been removed? A) plants; B) protists; C) prokaryotes; D) animals; E) mutualistic fungi. Answer: C. Skill: Application/Analysis 3) When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter? A) fungal haustoria; B) soredia; C) fungal enzymes; D) increased oxygen levels. 4) Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi (fungi featuring hyphae)? A) They acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis. B) Their body plan is a unicellular sphere. C) Their cell walls consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils. D) They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources. E) They reproduce asexually by a process known as budding. Answer: D. 5) The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively? A) desmosomesotonoplasts; B) gap Junctionsoplasmodesmata; C) tight Junctionsoplastids; D) centriolesoplastids; E) flagellaocentral vacuoles. Answer: B. 6) What do fungi and arthropods have in common? A) Both groups are commonly coenocytic. B) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. C) Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food. D) The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin. E) Both groups have cell walls. 7) In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? A) multiple chitinous layers in cross-walls; B) pores in cross-walls; C) complex microtubular cytoskeletons; D) two nuclei; E) tight Junctions that form in cross-walls between cells rapid distribution of synthesized proteins by cytoplasmic streaming; F) a long tubular body shape; G) the readily available nutrients from their ingestive mode of nutrition; H) a dikaryotic condition that supplies greater amounts of proteins and nutrients. Answer: A. 9) The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are? A) composed of hyphae. B) referred to as a mycelium. C) usually underground. 10) Both fungus-farming ants and their fungi can synthesize the same structural polysaccharide from the -glucose. What is this polysaccharide? A) amylopectin; B) chitin; C) cellulose; D) lignin; E) glycogen. 11) Consider two hyphae having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the other from a coenocytic species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic species should have A) fewer nuclei. B) more pores. C) less chitin. D) less cytoplasm. E) reduced cytoplasmic streaming. 12) Immediately after karyogamy occurs, which term applies? A) plasmogamy; B) heterokaryotic; C) dikaryotic; D) diploid. 13) Which description does not apply equally well to both sexual and asexual spores? A) have haploid nuclei; B) represent the dispersal stage; C) are produced by meiosis; D) upon germination, will subsequently undergo S phase and mitosis. Answer: C. Topic: Concept 31. 2 14) Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1 . haploid nucleus 2. heterokaryotic cells 3. dikaryotic cells 4. ells with two diploid nuclei. A) 1 or 2. B) 1 or 3. E) 3 or 4 cells with a single. 15) After cytokinesis occurs in budding yeasts, the daughter cell has a: A) smaller nucleus and more cytoplasm than the mother cell. B) smaller nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell. C) larger nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell. D) similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell. 16) In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently: A) means that sexual reproduction can occur in specialized structures. B) results in multiple diploid nuclei per cell. C) allows fungi to reproduce asexually most of the time. D) results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells. E) is strong support for the claim that fungi are not truly eukaryotic. Answer: D. 17) If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally, then the cells of both dikaryotic and heterokaryotic fungi, in terms of the gene products they can make, are essentially: A) haploid. B) diploid. D) completely homozygous. E) completely hemizygous. 18) Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cells chromosome number than does meiosis l? A) mitosis; B) plasmogamy; C) crossing over; D) binary fission; E) karyogamy. 19) Which of the following statements is true of deuteromycetes? A) They are the second of five fungal phyla to have evolved. B) They represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified. C) They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage. D) They are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens. E) They include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae. 20) Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution f both fungi and plants? A) presence of coal forests and change in mode of nutrition B) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape C) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls D) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells E) continental drift and mode of spore dispersal Topic: Concept 31. 3 21) Which of the following characteristics is shared by both chytrids and other kinds of fungi? A) presence of flagella; B) zoospores; C) autotrophic mode of nutrition; D) cell walls of cellulose; E) nucleotide sequences of several genes common ancestry. 22) B) by convergent evolution. C) by inheritance of acquired traits. D) by natural means, and is a homology. E) by serial endosymbioses. 23) Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the bud cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell? A) It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time. B) It should produce ribosomal RNA at a slower rate. C) It should be transcriptionally less active. D) It should have reduced motility. E) It should have a smaller nucleus. Answer: A. 24) The microsporidian, Brachiola gambiae, parasitizes the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals in order for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be true? 1 . Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity. 2. The icrosporidian should not be harmful to other insects. 3. Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae, rather than mosquito adults. 4. The subsequent decline in anopheline mosquitoes should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs. 5. Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes, but not to female mosquitoes. A) one statement only; B) two statements; C) three statements; D) four statements; E) all five statements. Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation 25) Many infected animals are induced by the parasitic microsporidians to develop huge cells, known as xenomas, which are full of spores. Given their large size, what should be true of the xenomas? A) The parasite must endow the xenoma with some obtain mitochondria to survive. C) The xenoma must gain a cell wall; otherwise, it will lyse. D) The xenoma acts as a prison, of sorts, to keep the spores from escaping and infecting other organisms. Topic: Concepts 31. 30 26) What are the sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus? A) asexual structures that produce haploid spores; B) asexual structures that produce diploid spores; C) sexual structures that produce haploid spores; D) sexual structures that produce diploid spores. Topic: Concept 31. 27) Which of these paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike? A) conidia and basidiocarps; B) sporangia and hyphae; C) soredia and gills; D) haustoria and arbuscules; E) zoospores and mycelia. 28) You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? A) zygomycete; B) ascomycete; C) deuteromycete; D) chytrid; E) basidiomycete. 29) Which of the following has the least affiliation with all of the others? A) Glomeromycota; B) mycorrhizae; C) lichens; D) arbuscules. 30) Arrange the following from largest to smallest: 1. ascospore; 2. ascocarp; 3. ascomycete; 4. ascus. 31) Arrange the following from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus. 1. asidiocarp; 2. basidium; 3. basidiospore; 4. mycelium; 5. gill. 32) Among sac fungi, which of these correctly distinguishes ascospores from conidia? A) Ascospores are diploid, whereas conidia are haploid. B) Ascospores are produced only by meiosis, whereas conidia are produced only by mitosis. C) Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not. D) Ascospores are larger, whereas conidia are smaller. E) Ascospores will germinate into haploid hyphae, whereas conidia will germinate into diploid hyphae. Answer: C 33) A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here? A) karyogamy; B) mycelial flagella; C) breezes distributing spores; D) cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae. 34) In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores? A) asci B) zygosporangia; C) rhizoids; D) gametangia; E) conidiophores. 35) Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as: A) antibodies. B) aflatoxins. C) hallucinogens. D) antigens. E) antibiotics. Topic: Concept 31. 5 36) Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and: A) mosses. B) cyanobacteria. C) green algae. 37) In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? A) carbohydrates; B) fixed nitrogen; C) antibiotics; D) water and minerals. 38) protection from harmful UV involved in lichens? A) Fungal cells are enclosed within algal cells. B) Lichen cells are enclosed within fungal cells. C) Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. D) The fungi grow on rocks and trees and are covered by algae. E) Algal cells and fungal cells mix together without any apparent structure. Answer: C. 39) If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that: A) algae and cyanobacteria are autotrophic. B) lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships. C) algae require maximal contact with the fungal partner in order to grow at optimal ates. D) fungi get all of the nutrition they need via the leakiness of photosynthetic partners. E) soredia are asexual reproductive structures combining both the fungal and photosynthetic partners. Answer: B. 40) When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the: A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes. B) lichens growing n the vines branches are not harmed. C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue. Answer: C. 41) Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? A) pathogens; B) endosymbioses; C) endophytes; D) lichens; E) mycorrhizae. 42) If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been true about its partner? A) It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall. B) It was probably a red alga.

opening a window essays

opening a window essays A Room with a View by E.D. Forster explores the struggle between the expectations of a conventional lady of the British upper class and pursuing the heart. Miss Lucy Honeychurch must choose between class concerns and personal desires. Honeychurch is a respectable young lady from a well-known family. She travels with Miss Charlotte Bartlett to Italy at the turn of the century. In Italy they meet Mr. Emerson and George Emerson. George is young man who falls in love with Lucy. Mr. Emerson is an idealist and a dreamer. Only a couple of days after they get to Italy George kisses Lucy while standing in the middle of a waving field of grass. George does this with out her permission or discussion. Even though this surprises Lucy and backs away she still participates in the kiss that tells the readers that there is something in her heart that drives her toward George. Georges function in A Room with a View is clear: he is a source of passion in a society that is tightly sealed with convention, timidity, and dryness. When Lucy comes home to Britain she is proposed to by Cecil. She accepts the offer because she knows that it is the proper thing to do. Cecil is an intelligent, well-respected man but lacks the passion that George penetrates. When Cecil attempts to kiss Lucy it is very different than George. He first of all asks permission, then Cecil timidly moves in to kiss her, and lastly his glasses fall off. This example shows the difference between Cecil and George and how Cecil lacks the aggression and desire that George has. Lucy has to make the decision between the mind and the heart. She is torn between Cecils world of books and conformity and Georges world of passion and nature. This decision is not easy for Lucy to make. Lucy came really close to marring the wrong man due to her lack of thought. She has grown up and lived a life of proper existence. However, Lucy possesses passionate qualities ...

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Taxation - Essay Example In such a society, every member has the capacity to identify what is good, and has the right to discuss the concept with others and make necessary changes based on what is considered as the best for the society. Thus, it is clear that Rawlsian liberalism will support some kind of basic structure that is just. In sharp contrast, conservatism as a political philosophy advocates for the retention of the traditional social orders and institutions. Generally, the traditional conservatives oppose modernism and want to return to the traditional systems (Muller 36). A look into the history of Great Britain proves that conservatives like Burke justified aristocracy and the social order in order to preserve tradition, and for such people, community and social harmony were more important than social reforms. Over the years, conservatism took various forms with increased and decreased intensity, like liberal conservatism, conservative liberalism, libertarian conservatism, fiscal conservatism, gr een conservatism, cultural and social conservatism and so on (Muller 3). A look into the history of conservatism in the United States will show that its main characteristics over the years were support for traditional system, anti-communist attitude, demand for low taxes, limited rules and regulations, and a free market. In addition, one can see conservatives do not hesitate to criticize various environmental issues (Schneider, 45). This attitude was clearly exhibited by the stringent opposition to the rising role of government in health care. Thus, one gets an idea that generally, conservatism is against taxation. Liberalism and taxation Liberalism can be described as the political ideology which favors social progress by improvising laws instead of revolution. This social progress will touch all spheres including social, political and economic rights. That means this social philosophy advocates the removal of inequalities in all these spheres. According to Rawls theory of justice, states should possess enough power to take necessary steps to ensure that the poorest in society are as well-off as they can be. Rawls points out in his theory that an unequal distribution of wealth and income is acceptable if those at the bottom of the society are better off than it is possible under any other distribution (Rawls 85). According to liberalism as suggested by Rawls, it is necessary for the members in a society to decide a just social contract. Also, the scholar points out that it is necessary to eliminate the possibility of any morally arbitrary bargaining advantages from influencing the Basic Structure. In order to achieve this end, the scholar points out that all the bargainers in the society need to be kept behind a veil of ignorance (Rawls 113). That means the members are not aware about their natural gifts, social class background, and such other factors. These members would agree to two principles in general; firstly, each person has an equal right to the most extensive liberties, and secondly, social and economic inequalities should be arranged in such a way that the least advantaged gets the greatest benefit (Rawls 143). Thus, the Difference principle as proposed by Rawls is the very basis of the claim that taxation will be welcomed by liberalism. This principle claims that society can initiate such projects which require giving more power to some people in terms of income and status if the initiative meets two criteria. Firstly, it can offer a better life to the worst off by

Managing Sport Venues & Facilities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Sport Venues & Facilities - Assignment Example A year after the official opening day, they will check to see if they reached their goal of establishing a customer base of 3,750. At least 2,000 of the memberships should be those people ranging from 29 to 45 years of age. They also plan to monitor the changing demographics of their consumers by means of the marketing surveys and membership forms they plan to distribute. The marketing strategy that will be implemented to accomplish their objectives is a market-penetration strategy. In the marketing setting of this facility, they are trying to penetrate an existing market with an existing product. Initially, their strategy will take on the sole dimension of attracting customers and then become more of a repeat-purchase strategy; however, they will continually give effort toward increasing the consumer base. The most difficult aspect of this marketing strategy will be to attract customers to their first visit. In order to establish a consumer base, they plan to initiate a promotional campaign during the first month of operation. This campaign will be geared toward the entire target market with the incentive that if someone brings a friend, he or she can buy two, one-year memberships for the price of one. They will also facilitate this promotion by launching an advertisement campaign using a large banner on the front of the Average Pim's Gym Health and Fitness Club to introduce the idea and local advertising in the newspaper to broadcast it. This campaign will foster word-of- mouth and bring-a-friend types of advertising, which is very cost-efficient. To meet the challenge of establishing a consumer base of 2,000 from the baby boomers' segment of the market, they will target them specifically with some promotions and programs. They plan to initiate exercise and aerobic programs geared only toward them because people enjoy exercising with people their own age. There are also plans to promote social gatherings like holiday parties on their behalf to foster friendships. Finally, they plan to conduct a market research survey targeted at customers. The aim of these surveys will be specific to their needs and wants, in order to help generate ideas and solutions to increase the consumer base and service level. 5. Do you think that they have missed anything important in their marketing strategies If we

Analysis the case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis the case - Assignment Example The costs of changing the mentioned methods are cheap. Therefore, companies continually strive to implement new strategies to improve the quality and affordability their products in order to attract and maintain customers. Consequently, the competition is very high in the industry. New entrants – the entrance rate of new players in the industry is low due to the following facts: the existing companies have established, the capital requirement is very high, the cost of setting up an efficient distribution chain is high, the cost of promotion is high, and the high cost of building a solid relationship with the suppliers. As a result, the mentioned high prices scare away the potential entrants. Substitute products – the technological advancements provide a platform for the development of substitute products that pose threats to the movie rental industry. There are several alternatives to movies-renting such as viewing of movies in theaters, watching movies on the television, internet based movie watching and others. Therefore, companies in the industry must carefully implement competitive pricing strategies in order to counter the threat. Bargaining power of suppliers - the movie suppliers are many in the industry making the supply level of the movies high. Though suppliers have control of the quality of the products, their influence in the market concerning product prices is medium (supply is high). Bargaining power of customers – the high sensitive nature of the customers to the product prices increases their influence to the products prices. In addition, since there are more efficient methods of viewing movies (substitute products), and that the switching cost is insignificant, price variations cause a massive customer migration. For instance, after Netflix separated the unlimited DVD and unlimited streaming, which saw the prices rise from $ 9.99 to $ 15.98 per month. Consequently, around 600,000 customers revoked their subscriptions. That indicates

Islamic Finance in Malaysia (Bay Al-Dayn)

Islamic Finance in Malaysia (Bay Al-Dayn) Bay al-dayn is an Islamic financial instrument which was developed and currently practised in Malaysia. Bay al-dayn is considered a controversial issue because some countries practice it and some leave it out without prior improvement taking place. It is worth mentioning here that the principle of bay al-dayn is not widely used by other Islamic banks, especially in Middle Eastern countries but, bay al-Dayn has been mainly used in Malaysia as one of the fundamental Shariah contracts in structuring various Islamic finance facilities including, Islamic money market instruments, Islamic bonds, Islamic accepted, Islamic treasury bills and Islamic negotiable instruments. Firstly, bay al-dayn as money market instrument. The application of bay al-dayn is pertaining to trading instrument which has contributed to the development of various securitized products and tradable bonds. Due to this, it has provided a wide range of assets for investment. Money Market Instruments based on Islamic principles have arisen in competing the conventional ones. The securitization refers to the creation of tradable certificates as evidence of a debt that arising out from financing facilities. It also means putting a guarantee for the issuance of securities that are financial assets. For example, if Ali owes RM 5,000,000 to Bank Islam, apart from legal documents, a legal document of ‘I Owe You’ (IOU) would be created as evidence of the debt, as securitization. Secondly, Islamic bonds on the basis of bay al-dayn. A bond is a security which gives the holder a financial claim on the issuer.[1] This claim protects the holder if the issuer is unable to pay the amount due. The development of Islamic Economy in Malaysia has positively contributed to the application of bay al-dayn. Malaysia has successful in the application of Islamic securities which is based on the concept of bay al-dayn. Even though, bay al-dayn has not been applied in other countries, but its potential in Malaysia seems has grown. Basically, the creation of Islamic securities or bonds involves three main steps: Securitization- the creation of murabahah and BBA assets. Bond issues-issuance of debt certificates Trading of debt certificates- that is buying and selling of debt certificates in the secondary market using the contract of bay al-dayn. Thirdly, Islamic accepted bills (IAB) as a liquidity instrument. IAB is a bill of exchange, which is made by the bank and accepted by the purchaser or buyer, hence creating a debt owing to the bank. The bank then in turn, may sell the IAB in the secondary market at a discount value under the bay al-dayn. Therefore, bay al-dayn is instrumental in becoming a liquidity instrument and it is governed by the principles of murabahah and bay al-dayn. An exporter who uses an Islamic Bankers Acceptance Facilities (IBAF) prepares the export documents as required under the sale contract or letter of credit. The export documents will be sent to the importer’s bank. In addition, there must be genuine transaction between the parties involved, the goods involved must be lawful purpose, and there is adequate documentary evidence and that it is drawn in accordance with the law and requirements of IAB as indicated by Central Bank of Malaysia. Evaluation of bay al-dayn- Malaysian experiences: As been mentioned above, on 21st August 1996, The Malaysian Securities Commission Shariah Advisory Council approved a resolution unanimously agreed to accept the principle of bay al-dayn as one of the concepts for developing Islamic capital market instruments. This was based on the views of some of the Islamic jurists who allowed this concept subject to certain conditions for instance there is a transparent regulatory system in the capital market to safeguard the maslahah (public interest) of the market participants. There are arguments among the past and the present jurists on the issue of bay al-dayn. Nevertheless, there is no general consensus (ijma’) prohibits it. In general, majority of the jurists are unanimous in allowing the selling of debts. They only contrast in terms of the debt being sold to a third party for reason that the seller may not be able to deliver the sold item to the buyer. The illah for some Islamic jurists do not allow bay al-dayn is due to the risk that might be faced by the buyer, element of gharar, absence of qabadh and riba. Despite all of the controversial issues regarding the application of bay al-dayn, there is a logic idea behind the application. For instance, a transaction between Ali, Hap Seng Motorcar Sdn Bhd and Maybank Islamic. Ali wanted to buy a car from Hap Seng Motorcar with price RM 900,000 but at that time he does not have enough money to pay. Later, Ali sells his debt with Hap Seng Motorcar to Maybank with discount that amount RM 850,000. Thus, Maybank have to pay the car price to Hap Seng Motorcar. This is where the issue arise, when Ali sells his debt with discount. Some of the scholars agreed that there is a riba in this transaction. However, the logic is if we sell the debt with full price, who would want to buy it from Ali. At the end of the transaction Ali still need to pay his debt to Maybank at par value. Malaysia Islamic Banks: Bank Muammalat[2] refers bay al-dayn to the sale of a debt arising from trade and services transaction in the form of a deferred payment sale. The customer will sells this debt to the bank at a discount. The benefit is customer gets paid from the bank before realization of the sale. There are several features of bay al-dayn that includes: The cost must be revealed The price and tenor of the lump-sum deferred payment must be agreed upon by the Bank and customer The Bank appoints customer as an agent to sell on its behalf Only trade transaction on usance term is allowed Financing for finished goods Meanwhile, Bank Islam Malaysia[3] Berhad provides fews concepts for Trade services which includes Bai’ Dayn (Debt Trading). This contract refers to the selling of your trade debts/receivable arising from trade-related transactions. You will sell your trade debts/receivable to the bank for a discounted amount. Issues on bay al-dayn: However, there are lots of issues regarding the application of bay al-dayn in Malaysia. Bay al-dayn has formed many doubts amongst the countries practising Islamic Banking as to its permissibility as an Islamic financial instrument. The instrument is being developed to compete with the conventional banking to create a flow in the secondary market. It is also understood to create large capital by attracting investors to invest in Malaysia. It is widely used in the sales, bonds, import and export sales. Banking institutions in Malaysia are concern about maintaining the liquidity in the financial system therefore has developed this concept. However, other Islamic countries are reluctant to use this concept because it does not seem permissible and there is a possibility that this concept handles interest or riba which is prohibited in Islam. One of the main issues is, whether it is permissible to sell a confirmed debt which is backed by non ribawi goods at discounted price. Islamic scholars have put a plug on the possibility of earning profit by confirming that any sale of debt (Bay-al-dayn) or transfer of debt (Hawalat-al-dayn) must be at face value. This means when the bank buys the instrument of debt (shahada-al-dayn) from the original buyer, it is not entitled to any discount. There will be no riba by disallowing any difference between what it pays and what it receives on maturity (its maturity value). Some Islamic banks have been offering Islamic bill discounting products, and they essentially treat debt as any other physical asset that can be traded at a negotiated price. In fact, the prohibition of bay al-dayn is a logical consequence of the prohibition of riba or interest. A debt receivable in monetary terms parallels to money, and every transaction where money is exchanged from the same quantity of money, the pr ice must be at par value. Any increase or decrease from one side is equivalent to riba. Somehow, some parties in Malaysia encourage the development for debt discounting as an Islamic Financial product on the basis that it represents an important field of short term and self-liquidating investment, because the terms of negotiable instruments do not extend beyond six months especially in trade based debt discounting.[4] The scholars from Malaysia claims that debts can be sold because the original transaction is a debt created with an underlying contract of sale. They claim that it is legitimate to gain profit from the debt because the original transaction is legitimate. Gaining profit is usually being associated with risk ‘Al-Kharaj bi al-Dhaman’. The secondary market is a mechanism that allows lenders to obtain liquidity to make additional loans. Through the secondary market the lender will receives the benefits which may then passed on to the borrower in the form of lower interest rates and longer fixed rate terms. During the financial crisis in 1998 which was experienced by Malaysia, â€Å"the exchange rate essentially was affected by the flight of foreign funds while the stock market was being additionally pulled down by the herd behaviour of the local speculators†. Therefore, a flow to the secondary market does not necessarily be beneficial as it creates a flow to derivative s and speculators. Secondary market also encourages debt-creation as experienced in the financial crisis which has created too much debt for a nation to hold and therefore lead to the downfall of the economy. Comparison with Indonesia: In Malaysia issuance of a debit note which is then bought by the client and the results of the purchase are used for investment while, in Indonesia, the Shariah National Council of MUI does not permit trading in debit notes. There is no any shariah banking system in Indonesia including Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI) apply the bay al-dayn product. This is because the National Shariah Council (DSN) has not issued a fatwa in order to support this type of transaction. In Indonesia, the main concern in this matter is that the benefit which is determined in a transaction is usury. The classic ulama agree that bay al-Dayn with a premium is illegal, and not permitted according to shariah principle. Indeed, many contemporary ulama are of the same opinion. However, several Malaysian ulama have legalised this contract, relying on the Shafie opinion, but nor taking into consideration that the Shafie ulama permit this contract only in cases where a debt is sold at the nominal value of that debt. Bibliography Azhar, S. (n.d.). International Journal Of Islamic Financial Services. Bank Islam. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2015, from Concepts of Shariah Trading: http://www.bankislam.com.my/en/Pages/ShariahContractsConceptsforTradeServices.aspx?tabs=1 Bank Muamalat. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2015, from Trade Finance: http://www.muamalat.com.my/business-banking/corporate-banking/trade-finance/bwcf.html Billah, P. D. (n.d.). Applied Islamic Finance. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from Modern vs Islamic Bond: http://applied-islamicfinance.com/category/readmore/6 [1] (Billah) [2] (Bank Muamalat) [3] (Bank Islam) [4] (Azhar)

Helping the Children :: Personal Narrative Essay

Helping the Children in My Community    My younger brother has proven himself to be a mastermind with Play-Doh. I've only recently noticed that he puts more work into a simple fish than I ever considered necessary when I was his age. I watched him as he developed a plan for a school project, a diorama of a scene from Charlotte's Web. He first thought about what he should do and decided on a depiction of Wilbur gazing up at Charlotte in her web. He gathered his materials and molded a pink pig and a black spider out of Play-Doh. The next day he presented his work to his teacher and his class for their praise or disapproval. I've devised a plan, will soon be on my way to gathering my materials and molding them into shape, and will later present my work to my community.    My plan is tentative, generalized and far from detailed, but I know where my heart is and what concerns me most as far as community issues. I am very interested in working with children. With a college degree in child psychology, I hope to help many children because I think a happy and healthy childhood is crucial to one's success as an adult. I am also concerned about education in Mississippi. As a student of the Mississippi School of Mathematics and Science, I have seen many of my fellow students laugh at the idea of attending college in Mississippi. I do not believe that out of state colleges are better than Mississippi colleges, but the reputations of those out of state are sometimes better, and I believe that can be changed. Many Mississippi residents feel they have no choice other than to leave home and attend college out of the state, but I disagree entirely and hope to one day be a part of the groups trying to better education in Mississippi.    During my years in college, I will obtain the tools necessary for a successful life of community service. I want to be a part of community service clubs as I have been in high school and meet the people who will later be involved in community programs as college graduates. My college years will be a vital part of my plan to work with children and improve the reputation of Mississippi colleges. My work for a college degree is the most important part of this plan in that it will be my education to be a professional.

Marketing Mix Essay

Product refers to the creation or design of a good or service. It is here that the process begins in the life of a product. In this part of the marketing mix the design is made, the name is created, and even the packaging of the good is decided upon. This is where a product needs to be created in a way that makes the product marketable for its intended target. (Manktelow, 2013) Place is the process in when it is decided where the product is going to be sold and how the product will be distributed. Many questions are answered in this part of the process such as â€Å"Where do buyers look for this product? , â€Å"What channels of distribution should be used? †, â€Å"Do we need to use a sales force, attend trade shows, or send samples to companies? †, and â€Å"What are competitors doing? † (Manktelow, 2013) For example, a company producing power tools would not want to distribute their goods in a boutique. The intended customer base is not likely going to be found here. The correct distribution would be in a store where power tools are sold like Home Depot. While having a great product is important, you need to get it to the consumer in the most efficient manner. Price is where the value of the product is determined. Pricing is just as important as the product itself. No matter how great a product is, it needs to be priced so that consumers will be willing to purchase it and so that it will make a profit that is worth investing in. Pricing also can offer a chance to get a leg up on the competition. In order to gain an advantage in market share a company may decide to price their product slightly lower than their competitor’s price. (Manktelow, 2013) Promotion is how a company creates their promotional strategy, advertising, and public relations. Promotion is extremely important in making the consumer aware of the product. It is also very important that the promotional strategy is aimed at the target audience. (Manktelow, 2013) For example, to promote a new basketball shoe advertising could be created featuring a professional basketball player and the product could be heavily advertised during basketball games on television when the intended audience is going to be watching the game. PayPal, Inc. is a payment processor that operates primarily in processing payments on the internet. In 2010 PayPal began to push a new motto of â€Å"Anytime, Anywhere, Anyhow†. PayPal was taking their online payment services and moving them into the physical world. In order to achieve this PayPal began pushing their mobile payment services to develop products that would help to achieve this vision. PayPal required a product that would allow people to truly use PayPal anywhere at any time. In 2012 PayPal launched PayPal Here. PayPal here is a product that connects to a smartphone to allow merchants to accept credit card payments wherever their business may take them. To allow buyers the convenience of using PayPal anywhere, PayPal revamped the PayPal Mobile App. The PayPal Mobile App allows a person to send funds at any time using their smartphone. Whether it is sending money to a friend or paying for an item on eBay, the PayPal Mobile App allows buyers to use their PayPal account without having to be in front of their computer. The other product PayPal created for both merchants and for buyers is PayPal’s in-store checkout. In December of 2011 PayPal partnered with The Home Depot to unveil this new product and feature. Customers of the Home Depot no longer need to bring their wallet to the store with them. By simply entering their mobile number and PIN number they can pay with their PayPal account. Upon checking out the customer receives a text message and email receipt of their purchase. This video demonstrates the PayPal in-store checkout process. http://www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_detailpage&v=Q8P9qT9EIVk PayPal’s placement of the product was not as complicated as many companies selling a product like a hammer or shoes. The PayPal Here product is a way to use the PayPal Here service. Customers simply have to go to the PayPal website or PayPal Here App and request the PayPal here dongle. It is sent to the customer at no cost because the value is in the customer accepting payments using the PayPal Here service. This benefits PayPal in that they do not have to deal with major distribution channels in getting their product into the right store. They simply need to ship the product to the customer that asks for it off of the PayPal website. PayPal has structured their pricing to remain ahead of their primary competitor Square. PayPal charges 2. 7% per transaction to receive payments using the PayPal Here product. Square has a similar product and charges 2. 75% per transaction. The cost of the phone attachment for PayPal Here is free. This has allowed PayPal to keep up with their competitor. In order to effectively market this product PayPal needed to have a price that at least met that of their competitor in order to get people to use the product. PayPal decided to charge slightly less than their competitor in order to gain customers new to this technology and to sway some customers away from Square. Had the service not been available through a competitor, PayPal’s pricing may have been different. Having a price that meets or beats the competition shows that PayPal is marketing their product to not just to customers new to accepting mobile payments, but to those that are already accepting them which expands the market they are targeting. PayPal also offers other types of services other than just accepting payments on a mobile phone which creates more value for potential customers. PayPal has launched aggressive marketing campaigns through email and through banners on their website. PayPal has never advertised their products on television or radio and they did not start with the launch of PayPal Here. PayPal announced PayPal Here at a media event and let the media spread the word along with the advertising occurring through email and on the PayPal website. This helps PayPal save money in advertising and promotion while still promoting their product efficiently. PayPal’s intended targets for PayPal Here are small businesses and people who sell at events like trade shows, service (lawn care, plumbing, etc. ) who would like to be able to give their customers more options to pay for their services. The marketing mix is an effective way to help successfully market a product or service. It addresses every aspect that is needed in order to successfully prepare a product to be launched. The four P’s work together to help a company provide the consumer with what they want, get the product to the consumer that demands the product, sells at a price that benefits the company and the consumer, and will promote the product to the right audience. Without the proper use of the marketing mix a product could easily fail. A company could design a new product that may seem great, but if they do not market the product correctly the right people will not see it, buy it, or be aware of it. Without the sales, the life of a product can be short lived because of ineffective marketing. PayPal has shown an effective use of the marketing mix. PayPal identified a consumer need, PayPal designed a product and service that would meet the needs of the consumer, PayPal found an efficient way to deliver the product and service to the customer, PayPal provided a price that was slightly better than the price of their competitor to gain a market advantage, and PayPal effectively used word of mouth promotion and promotion through their own website to make consumers aware of this new innovative product that can meet their needs. It has been effective use of the marketing mix that has helped PayPal remain on top of the online payment processing world.

Unit 3 IP Pre Submit Essay

Unit 3 IP Pre Submit Essay Unit 3 IP Pre Submit Essay Unit 3 IP. In a criminal trial based on the rights outlined within the Bill of Rights an appeal can be made after a ruling has been handed down by the judge. This appeal is done as a result of the defendant and his representative having the view point that justice was not served or some aspect of his or her rights have been violated or that there were some errors in the carrying out of their due process as it relates to the first 10 amendments of the U.S. Constitution, the Bill of Rights. Another basis for appeal would be the omission of nay portion of due process. Once again, the defendant will need to point out and prove that due process has been denied, omitted or encroached on which would result in an infringement of the right encapsulated in the 14th amendment, the due process clause. The verdict handed down to a defendant in a state trial can be appealed and subsequent to due process of the initial appeal and verdict or judgment is delivered, the defendant still has another opportunity to appeal the second decision given by the appellate court as a last resort. The initial appeal is usually submitted to the Intermediate Court of Appeals which are found in 39 of the United States of America. In the state of Florida, there are 5 Intermediate Courts of Appeals which are also called District Courts of Appeals (DCA). As we may know, these courts’ function as a fine-toothed comb, ensuring that every aspect of the law as consistent with the constitution has been duly observed in relation to a defendant’s rights and liberties outlined in the Bill of Rights. Depending on the jurisdiction of the lower court the relative district court will then be selected for any course of appeals. In Florida, the courts of appeal are located in Tallahassee, Lakeland, Miami, West Palm Beach and Daytona Beach respectively. Although there is a possibility for an appeal to the Florida Supreme Court, then the U.S. Supreme Court as a final resort as it relates to litigated case s, it is a general rule that the decisions of the DCA represents the final appellate review. Most cases submitted for appeal to the Florida Supreme Court or the U.S. Supreme Court that has already received ruling from the DCA is essentially denied. (Ref 1: www.flcourts.org) In the state of Florida, due to the size of the state, most of the cases submitted for appeal are never handled by the Florida Supreme Court or the U.S. Supreme court as the DCA have been empowered to function as the supreme courts would. The same processes employed to select Supreme Court Justices are used when selecting District Court Justices thus affording the Justices of the DCA the same authority as those in the Supreme Court. This step taken to

Van Duerm essays

Van Duerm essays Anxious young fans swayed under open skies and heavy rains, reveling in the music and sustaining a mood of hope and renewal that would define their generation. Only some 80,000 people remained from an overwhelming 400,000 that Monday, August 18, 1969 at Max Yasgur' s dairy farm in Bethel, New York (Piccoli 112). They awaited Jimi Hendrix and his band as they prepared to close the Woodstock Music and Arts Festival. The event was becoming a special memory that no future event would ever quite be able to match in its mixture of music, magic, misery, spontaneity, and history. Those who had left before the finale would live to realize their regret. The last act walked onto the stage under a streaky morning sky with his white Fender Stratocaster slung over one shoulder and his wild black hair bound in a red headband (Piccoli 11-12). The group eventually began and tore into the classic hit "Fire" followed by an ensemble of prime works of "Isabella", "Hear My Train A -Comin, and the proclaimed new American anthem of "Voodoo Chile (Wadleigh 60). Plagued by a bad sound system, due to rain and electrical storms, a sunken stage, and adverse weather conditions, Hendrix could not quite win the crowd over. That was until he stepped away from his microphone, looking like a cowboy gypsie and cosmic hitchhiker, sounded out the first notes of the song everyone knew so well: "The Star Spangled Banner." Hendrix's guitar seemed to mock and revere the national anthem's grandiosity. The effects of one of the most electrifying performances ever was captured by Michael Wadleigh himself, the director of the famous Woodstock documentary, The experience of standing in front of Hendrix was awesome. The hair came up on the back of my neck and everybodys neck. You did not hear the sound through your ears, you heard it through your diaphragm. It vibrated. It kicked you...

Love Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Love - Term Paper Example It wasn’t the love that I thought it would be. At that point I realized that they were talking about artistic love. The love that an artist holds for what he sees and feels like capturing the moment using his abilities, no matter how he does it. â€Å"It has been said that art is a tryst, for in the joy of it maker and beholder meet.† Kojiro Tomita. And at the same point I was forced to think of Eros as a materialistic lover. What if he loved what was on the outside and not on the inside. And there I thought of him as selfish. Because I feel that outer beauty has nothing to do with what is inside. It is just like loving a thing because it is a pleasure to the eye, a luxury and nothing more, just like love for materialistic things. â€Å"Contentment is natural wealth, luxury is artificial beauty.† Socrates. I read further then and when I read that Eros is neither a god nor a man, he is not mortal and neither immortal but a ‘half-way spirit’, one sugge stion came to my mind, ‘maybe he is an angel’. ... These were to define Eros. Eros as an angel must have loved something else entirely. And I realized I had got it all wrong. Reading further I found out the Eros was the son of gods of craft and poverty which must mean that he knew both the states of having everything you wanted and then losing everything you had. He must not have experienced the feelings in between and when I moved on further it was revealed. The writing showed exactly what I had thought. Eros was stuck in between ignorance and wisdom. And wisdom is to know better. Being the definition of love for beauty, at a personal level, Eros loved beauty too. In an entirely different way, he had love for wisdom, love for knowledge that would enable him to see things in a beautiful manner. â€Å"The cave you fear to enter holds the treasures you seek.† Joseph Campbell. Moving forward, the text was defining Eros as we like to use it. Eros or love can be on two different levels, spiritual love or physical love. The images I had in mind when reading this were really different from each other. The first one held a bright light to it, hard to tell of what but maybe of spirituality, of connecting or dedicating yourself to the higher powers. The second one gave me an image of affection; two people, loving each other, holding each other in their arms. And the text mentioned that physical love resulted as mortal children and at that point I got to thinking that spiritual love is not only the love for higher powers or amidst. What do we call the love we hold for elders, our parents or siblings? And the text made me realize that such love was also a form of spiritual love. â€Å"Darkness cannot drive out darkness only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate only love can do that.† Martin

From Francovich to Brasserie du Pecheur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

From Francovich to Brasserie du Pecheur - Essay Example Francovich5 is a landmark case because it established the fact that European Community law confers certain rights on individuals and if there is an infringement of these rights by a Member State, then the State will be legally and financially liable and will have to make reparation to the individuals concerned for the losses and damages sustained by them due the Member State’s breach of Community law. Application of national law where individual rights may be violated, will be limited by the obligation of the Member States to implement the EU Directives. Francovich, Bonfaci and others filed the suit against Italy for failure to implement the provisions of a European Directive that was not directly effective in Italy and required payment of unpaid wages to individuals in the event of the insolvency of their employer. Italy was held liable for damages to be paid to the Plaintiffs. In specific reference to the damages sustained by individuals and the obligation of the Member Stat e to assume liability, the Court relied upon Article 5 of the EEC Treaty in establishing that such a principle was inherent in the Treaty. State liability had earlier been established in other cases, where the supremacy of individual rights had been established to the extent of requiring states to be liable if those rights were infringed.